Liu Ping, Wu Chun-hua, Chang Xiu-li, Qi Xiao-juan, Zheng Ming-lan, Zhou Zhi-jun
MOE Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, WHO Collaborating Centre for Occupational Health (Shanghai), School of Public Health, Fudan University, No. 130, Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China,
Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2014;87(7):753-62. doi: 10.1007/s00420-013-0918-1. Epub 2013 Nov 21.
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is one of the most widely used organophosphorous pesticides in China. However, few reports on CPF pesticide exposure and body burden of infants at 2 years of age in China are available. The aim of this study was to assess the exposure level and the absorbed daily dose (ADD) of CPF among infants from an agricultural area of Jiangsu, China, and determine whether the infants' estimated dose exceeds the recommended reference dose (RfD) and the population adjusted dose (PAD) set by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
In our study, 364 infants at 2 years of age who lived in the agricultural area of Jiangsu Province (China) were enrolled into the biomonitoring study from June 2011 to January 2012. CPF exposure was estimated based on both questionnaire survey and measured results of urinary metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy) of CPF by high-performance liquid chromatography. Furthermore, the ADD of CPF among infants was also evaluated and compared with the RfD and the PAD values issued by EPA.
Urinary TCPy was detected in more than 70 % of the urine samples among 364 infants. The unadjusted and creatinine-adjusted geometric means in these subjects for TCPy were 1.33 μg/L and 6.73 μg/g Cre., respectively. Infants lived nearby (100 m distance) plantations or green parks present significantly higher levels of urinary TCPy than those lived far away (p = 0.045). Urinary TCPy levels were also significantly higher in infants who had frequent hand-to-mouth activities than those with less frequency (p = 0.037). Urinary TCPy concentrations in the infants at 2 years of age in Jiangsu were lower than those in the children at 2-6 years of age in the USA. The median estimated ADD of CPF in this study (0.07 μg/kg/day) was much lower than the acute and chronic RfDs (5 and 0.3 μg/kg/day, respectively) announced by EPA, but higher than the chronic PAD (cPAD) (0.03 μg/kg/day) for children. Additionally, the 75th percentile of the estimated ADD in our study was 2.5 times as much as the cPAD from EPA, even assuming only half of the TCPy amount from CPF exposure.
Our findings revealed that infants at 2 years of age in Jiangsu of China were widely exposed to CPF pesticide. The estimated ADD probably suggested that about 25 % of the enrolled infants were at potential risk of pesticide exposure, which warned of urgency to eliminate the potential exposure risk to infants living in agricultural areas of China.
毒死蜱（CPF）是中国使用最广泛的有机磷农药之一。然而，关于中国2岁婴幼儿毒死蜱农药暴露及体内负荷的报道较少。本研究旨在评估中国江苏某农业地区婴幼儿毒死蜱的暴露水平及每日吸收剂量（ADD），并确定婴幼儿的估计剂量是否超过美国环境保护局（EPA）设定的推荐参考剂量（RfD）和人群调整剂量（PAD）。
在本研究中，2011年6月至2012年1月，364名居住在中国江苏省农业地区的2岁婴幼儿被纳入生物监测研究。基于问卷调查和高效液相色谱法测定的毒死蜱尿液代谢物3,5,6 - 三氯 - 2 - 吡啶醇（TCPy）的测量结果，对毒死蜱暴露进行评估。此外，还对婴幼儿中毒死蜱的ADD进行了评估，并与EPA发布的RfD和PAD值进行比较。
在364名婴幼儿的尿液样本中，超过70%检测到尿TCPy。这些受试者中，未调整和肌酐调整后的TCPy几何均值分别为1.33μg/L和6.73μg/g Cre。居住在附近（距离100米）种植园或绿色公园的婴幼儿尿TCPy水平显著高于居住在远处的婴幼儿（p = 0.045）。手 - 口活动频繁的婴幼儿尿TCPy水平也显著高于频率较低的婴幼儿（p = 0.037）。江苏2岁婴幼儿尿TCPy浓度低于美国2 - 6岁儿童。本研究中毒死蜱的估计ADD中位数（0.07μg/kg/天）远低于EPA公布的急性和慢性RfD（分别为5和0.3μg/kg/天），但高于儿童慢性PAD（cPAD）（0.03μg/kg/天）。此外，即使仅假设毒死蜱暴露产生的TCPy量的一半，本研究中估计ADD的第75百分位数是EPA的cPAD的2.5倍。
我们的研究结果表明，中国江苏2岁婴幼儿广泛暴露于毒死蜱农药。估计的ADD可能表明约25%的入选婴幼儿存在农药暴露的潜在风险，这警示了消除中国农业地区婴幼儿潜在暴露风险的紧迫性。
