Kiesewetter Jan, Schmidt-Huber Marion, Netzel Janine, Krohn Alexandra C, Angstwurm Matthias, Fischer Martin R
Munich University Hospital, LMU University, Munich, Germany.
GMS Z Med Ausbild. 2013 Nov 15;30(4):Doc49. eCollection 2013.
Effective team performance is essential in the delivery of high-quality health-care. Leadership skills therefore are an important part of physicians' everyday clinical life. To date, the development of leadership skills are underrepresented in medical curricula. Appropriate training methods for equipping doctors with these leadership skills are highly desirable.
The review aims to summarize the findings in the current literature regarding training in leadership skills in medicine and tries to integrate the findings to guide future research and training development.
The PubMED, ERIC, and PsycArticles, PsycINFO, PSYNDEX and Academic search complete of EBSCOhost were searched for training of leadership skills in medicine in German and English. Relevant articles were identified and findings were integrated and consolidated regarding the leadership principles, target group of training and number of participants, temporal resources of the training, training content and methods, the evaluation design and trainings effects.
Eight studies met all inclusion criteria and no exclusion criteria. The range of training programs is very broad and leadership skill components are diverse. Training designs implied theoretical reflections of leadership phenomena as well as discussions of case studies from practice. The duration of training ranged from several hours to years. Reactions of participants to trainings were positive, yet no behavioral changes through training were examined.
More research is needed to understand the factors critical to success in the development of leadership skills in medical education and to adapt goal-oriented training methods. Requirements analysis might help to gain knowledge about the nature of leadership skills in medicine. The authors propose a stronger focus on behavioral training methods like simulation-based training for leadership skills in medical education.
有效的团队协作对于提供高质量医疗保健至关重要。因此，领导技能是医生日常临床工作的重要组成部分。到目前为止，领导技能的培养在医学课程中所占比重不足。非常需要有适当的培训方法来使医生具备这些领导技能。
本综述旨在总结当前文献中有关医学领域领导技能培训的研究结果，并尝试整合这些结果以指导未来的研究和培训发展。
在PubMed、ERIC以及EBSCOhost的PsycArticles、PsycINFO、PSYNDEX和Academic Search Complete数据库中，以德语和英语搜索医学领域领导技能培训的相关内容。识别相关文章，并就领导原则、培训目标群体和参与者数量、培训的时间资源、培训内容和方法、评估设计以及培训效果等方面整合并巩固研究结果。
八项研究符合所有纳入标准且无排除标准。培训项目范围非常广泛，领导技能组成部分多样。培训设计包括对领导现象的理论思考以及对实践案例研究的讨论。培训时长从数小时到数年不等。参与者对培训的反应是积极的，但未考察培训是否带来行为改变。
需要更多研究来了解医学教育中领导技能培养取得成功的关键因素，并采用目标导向的培训方法。需求分析可能有助于了解医学领域领导技能的本质。作者建议在医学教育中更加强调基于模拟的领导技能行为培训方法等行为培训方法。
