Cereseto S, Waitzkin H
Int J Health Serv. 1986;16(4):643-58. doi: 10.2190/AD12-7RYT-XVAR-3R2U.
This study compared capitalist and socialist countries in measures of the physical quality of life (PQL), taking into account the level of economic development. The World Bank was the principal source of statistical data, which pertained to 123 countries and approximately 97 percent of the world's population. PQL variables included indicators of health, health services, demographic conditions, and nutrition (infant mortality rate, child death rate, life expectancy, crude death rate, crude birth rate, population per physician, population per nursing person, and daily per capita calorie supply); measures of education (adult literacy rate, enrollment in secondary education, and enrollment in higher education); and a composite PQL index. All PQL measures improved as economic development increased. In 30 of 36 comparisons between countries at similar levels of economic development, socialist countries showed more favorable PQL outcomes (p less than .05 by two-tailed t-test). This work with the World Bank's raw data included cross-tabulations, analysis of variance, and regression techniques, which all confirmed the same conclusions. The data indicated that the socialist countries generally have achieved better PQL outcomes than the capitalist countries at equivalent levels of economic development.
本研究在考虑经济发展水平的情况下，对资本主义国家和社会主义国家的生活物质质量（PQL）指标进行了比较。世界银行是统计数据的主要来源，这些数据涉及123个国家，约占世界人口的97%。PQL变量包括健康、医疗服务、人口状况和营养指标（婴儿死亡率、儿童死亡率、预期寿命、粗死亡率、粗出生率、每千人口医生数、每千人口护士数以及人均每日卡路里供应量）；教育指标（成人识字率、中等教育入学率和高等教育入学率）；以及一个综合PQL指数。随着经济发展水平的提高，所有PQL指标都有所改善。在经济发展水平相近的国家之间进行的36项比较中，有30项显示社会主义国家的PQL结果更优（双侧t检验p值小于0.05）。这项对世界银行原始数据的研究运用了交叉制表、方差分析和回归技术，所有这些都证实了相同的结论。数据表明，在同等经济发展水平下，社会主义国家的PQL结果总体上比资本主义国家更好。
