Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia.
Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2014 Feb 3;151(2):768-83. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.032. Epub 2013 Dec 4.
In 1962 ethnopharmacologists, Hofmann and Wasson, undertook an expedition to Oaxaca, Mexico. These two researchers were the first scientists to collect a flowering specimen of Salvia divinorum allowing the identification of this species. While the species' traditional use is confined to a very small region of Mexico, since Hofmann and Wasson's expedition 50 years ago, Salvia divinorum has become globally recognized for its main active constituent, the diterpene salvinorin A, which has a unique effect on human physiology. Salvinorin A is a kappa-opioid agonist and the first reported psychoactive diterpene.
This review concentrates on the investigation of Salvia divinorum over the last 50 years including ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, taxonomy, systematics, genetics, chemistry and pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic research. For the purpose of this review, online search engines were used to find relevant research. Searches were conducted between October 2011 and September 2013 using the search term "Salvia divinorum". Papers were excluded if they described synthetic chemical synthesis of salvinorin A or analogues.
Ethnobotanically there is a comprehensive body of research describing the traditional Mazatec use of the plant, however, the modern ethnobotanical use of this plant is not well documented. There are a limited number of botanical investigations into this plant and there are still several aspects of the botany of Salvia divinorum which need further investigation. One study has investigated the phylogenetic relationship of Salvia divinorum to other species in the genus. To date the main focus of chemistry research on Salvia divinorum has been salvinorin A, the main active compound in Salvia divinorum, and other related diterpenoids. Finally, the effects of salvinorin A, a KOR agonist, have primarily been investigated using animal models.
As Salvia divinorum use increases worldwide, the emerging cultural use patterns will warrant more research. More botanical information is also needed to better understand this species, including germination, pollination vector and a better understanding of the endemic environment of Salvia divinorum. As well there is a gap in the genetic knowledge of this species and very little is known about its intra-species genetics. The terpenes in Salvia divinorum are very well documented, however, other classes of constituents in this species warrant further investigation and identification. To date, the majority of the pharmacology research on Salvia divinorum has focused on the effects of salvinorin A using animal models. Published human studies have not reported any harmful effects when salvinorin A is administered within the dose range of 0.375-21µg/kg but what are the implications when applied to a larger population? More data on the toxicology and safety of Salvia divinorum are needed before larger scale clinical trials of the potential therapeutic effects of Salvia divinorum and salvinorin A are undertaken.
1962 年，民族药理学专家霍夫曼（Hofmann）和瓦森（Wasson）前往墨西哥瓦哈卡州进行考察。这两位研究人员是首次采集到迷幻鼠尾草（Salvia divinorum）开花标本的科学家，从而得以鉴定这一物种。尽管该物种的传统用途仅限于墨西哥的一个非常小的地区，但自 50 年前霍夫曼和瓦森的考察以来，迷幻鼠尾草因其主要活性成分——二萜类化合物中的蟾毒色胺 A（salvinorin A）而在全球范围内受到关注，它对人体生理具有独特的影响。蟾毒色胺 A 是一种κ-阿片受体激动剂，也是首次报道的具有精神活性的二萜类化合物。
本综述集中于对迷幻鼠尾草过去 50 年的研究，包括民族植物学、民族药理学、分类学、系统学、遗传学、化学以及药效学和药代动力学研究。为了进行本次综述，使用在线搜索引擎查找相关研究。检索于 2011 年 10 月至 2013 年 9 月间进行，使用的检索词是“Salvia divinorum”。如果论文描述的是蟾毒色胺 A 或类似物的合成化学合成，则将其排除。
民族植物学方面有大量关于该植物的传统马萨特克使用的研究，但这种植物的现代民族植物学用途并未得到很好的记录。对这种植物的植物学调查数量有限，迷幻鼠尾草的植物学还有几个方面需要进一步研究。一项研究调查了迷幻鼠尾草与该属其他物种的系统发育关系。迄今为止，迷幻鼠尾草的化学研究主要集中在蟾毒色胺 A 上，这是迷幻鼠尾草中的主要活性化合物，以及其他相关的二萜类化合物。最后，KOR 激动剂蟾毒色胺 A 的作用主要是在动物模型中进行研究的。
随着迷幻鼠尾草在全球范围内的使用增加，新兴的文化使用模式将需要更多的研究。为了更好地了解这种物种，还需要更多的植物学信息，包括发芽、授粉媒介以及迷幻鼠尾草的特有生态环境。此外，该物种的遗传知识也存在差距，对其种内遗传学知之甚少。迷幻鼠尾草的萜类化合物已有很好的记载，但该物种其他类别的成分也需要进一步的研究和鉴定。迄今为止，迷幻鼠尾草的药理学研究主要集中在使用动物模型研究蟾毒色胺 A 的作用。已发表的人体研究报告称，当蟾毒色胺 A 的剂量在 0.375-21µg/kg 范围内时，没有任何有害影响，但当应用于更大的人群时，会有什么影响呢？在对迷幻鼠尾草和蟾毒色胺 A 的潜在治疗效果进行更大规模的临床试验之前，需要更多关于迷幻鼠尾草的毒理学和安全性的数据。
