Paschall Mallie J, Lipperman-Kreda Sharon, Grube Joel W
Prevention Research Center, Oakland, CA, USA.
Addiction. 2014 Mar;109(3):407-16. doi: 10.1111/add.12397. Epub 2013 Dec 10.
To examine relationships between characteristics of the local alcohol environment and adolescent alcohol use and beliefs in 50 California cities.
The study used longitudinal survey data collected from adolescents; city-level measures of local alcohol policy comprehensiveness, policy enforcement, adult drinking and bar density; and multi-level modeling with three levels (city, individual, time), allowing for random effects. Models included interaction terms (time × alcohol environment characteristics) and main effects, controlling for city and youth demographic characteristics. Analyses also examined possible mediating effects of alcohol-related beliefs.
Fifty California cities (50000-500000 population).
Random samples of 1478 adolescents and 8553 adults.
Past-year alcohol use and heavy drinking, and alcohol-related beliefs (e.g. perceived alcohol availability) among adolescents; past 28-day alcohol use among adults; ratings of local alcohol control policies; funding for enforcement activities; bars per roadway mile.
Local alcohol policy comprehensiveness and enforcement were associated with lower levels of past-year alcohol use (betas=-0.003 and -0.085, P<0.05). Bar density was associated with a higher level of past-year alcohol use (beta=1.086, P<0.01). A greater increase in past-year alcohol use and heavy drinking over time was observed among adolescents living in cities with higher levels of adult drinking (betas=0.224 and 0.108, P<0.01). Effects of bar density appeared to be mediated through perceived alcohol availability and perceived approval of alcohol use.
Adolescent alcohol use and heavy drinking are related to characteristics of the local alcohol environment, including alcohol control policies, enforcement, adult drinking and bar density. Change in adolescents' drinking appears to be influenced by community-level adult drinking. Bar density effects appear to be mediated through perceived alcohol availability and approval of alcohol use.
研究加利福尼亚州50个城市中当地酒精环境特征与青少年酒精使用及观念之间的关系。
本研究使用了从青少年收集的纵向调查数据；当地酒精政策全面性、政策执行情况、成人饮酒情况和酒吧密度的城市层面测量数据；以及具有三个层次（城市、个体、时间）的多层次模型，并考虑了随机效应。模型包括交互项（时间×酒精环境特征）和主效应，同时控制城市和青少年人口特征。分析还检验了与酒精相关观念可能的中介作用。
加利福尼亚州50个城市（人口50000 - 500000）。
1478名青少年和8553名成年人的随机样本。
青少年过去一年的酒精使用和重度饮酒情况，以及与酒精相关的观念（如感知到的酒精可获得性）；成年人过去28天的酒精使用情况；当地酒精控制政策的评分；执法活动的资金投入；每英里道路上的酒吧数量。
当地酒精政策的全面性和执行情况与过去一年较低的酒精使用水平相关（β系数分别为 -0.003和 -0.085，P < 0.05）。酒吧密度与过去一年较高的酒精使用水平相关（β系数 = 1.086，P < 0.01）。在成人饮酒水平较高的城市中生活的青少年，过去一年酒精使用和重度饮酒随时间的增加幅度更大（β系数分别为0.224和0.108，P < 0.01）。酒吧密度的影响似乎是通过感知到的酒精可获得性和对酒精使用的感知认可度来介导的。
青少年酒精使用和重度饮酒与当地酒精环境特征有关，包括酒精控制政策、执行情况、成人饮酒情况和酒吧密度。青少年饮酒行为的变化似乎受到社区层面成人饮酒情况的影响。酒吧密度的影响似乎是通过感知到的酒精可获得性和对酒精使用的认可度来介导的。
