Program in Nursing Science, Departments of Psychology and Social Behavior and Medicine, and Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Jan 7;111(1):93-8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1316265110. Epub 2013 Dec 9.
We compared the impact of media vs. direct exposure on acute stress response to collective trauma. We conducted an Internet-based survey following the Boston Marathon bombings between April 29 and May 13, 2013, with representative samples of residents from Boston (n = 846), New York City (n = 941), and the remainder of the United States (n = 2,888). Acute stress symptom scores were comparable in Boston and New York [regression coefficient (b) = 0.43; SE = 1.42; 95% confidence interval (CI), -2.36, 3.23], but lower nationwide when compared with Boston (b = -2.21; SE = 1.07; 95% CI, -4.31, -0.12). Adjusting for prebombing mental health (collected prospectively), demographics, and prior collective stress exposure, six or more daily hours of bombing-related media exposure in the week after the bombings was associated with higher acute stress than direct exposure to the bombings (continuous acute stress symptom total: media exposure b = 15.61 vs. direct exposure b = 5.69). Controlling for prospectively collected prebombing television-watching habits did not change the findings. In adjusted models, direct exposure to the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the Sandy Hook School shootings were both significantly associated with bombing-related acute stress; Superstorm Sandy exposure wasn't. Prior exposure to similar and/or violent events may render some individuals vulnerable to the negative effects of collective traumas. Repeatedly engaging with trauma-related media content for several hours daily shortly after collective trauma may prolong acute stress experiences and promote substantial stress-related symptomatology. Mass media may become a conduit that spreads negative consequences of community trauma beyond directly affected communities.
我们比较了媒体与直接暴露对集体创伤后急性应激反应的影响。我们于 2013 年 4 月 29 日至 5 月 13 日在互联网上对波士顿马拉松爆炸事件后进行了一项调查，参与者包括来自波士顿（n=846）、纽约市（n=941）和美国其他地区（n=2888）的有代表性的居民样本。波士顿和纽约市的急性应激症状评分相当（回归系数（b）=0.43；SE=1.42；95%置信区间（CI），-2.36，3.23），但与波士顿相比，全国范围内的评分较低（b=-2.21；SE=1.07；95%CI，-4.31，-0.12）。在调整了爆炸前心理健康状况（前瞻性收集）、人口统计学特征和先前的集体压力暴露情况后，爆炸后一周内每天接触与爆炸相关的媒体超过六小时与直接接触爆炸相比，与更高的急性应激相关（连续急性应激症状总分：媒体接触 b=15.61 与直接暴露 b=5.69）。控制前瞻性收集的爆炸前看电视习惯并未改变研究结果。在调整后的模型中，直接暴露于 9/11 恐怖袭击和桑迪胡克学校枪击事件均与与爆炸相关的急性应激显著相关；超级风暴桑迪的暴露则没有。先前接触类似的和/或暴力事件可能使一些人易受集体创伤的负面影响。在集体创伤后不久，每天反复接触几个小时的与创伤相关的媒体内容可能会延长急性应激体验并促进大量与压力相关的症状。大众媒体可能成为传播社区创伤负面后果的渠道，超出直接受影响的社区。
