Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
Biotechnol Adv. 2014 Jan-Feb;32(1):73-86. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.11.011. Epub 2013 Dec 12.
The maintenance of ion homeostasis in plant cells is a fundamental physiological requirement for sustainable plant growth, development and production. Plants exposed to high concentrations of heavy metals must respond in order to avoid the deleterious effects of heavy metal toxicity at the structural, physiological and molecular levels. Plant strategies for coping with heavy metal toxicity are genotype-specific and, at least to some extent, modulated by environmental conditions. There is considerable interest in the mechanisms underpinning plant metal tolerance, a complex process that enables plants to survive metal ion stress and adapt to maintain growth and development without exhibiting symptoms of toxicity. This review briefly summarizes some recent cell biological, molecular and proteomic findings concerning the responses of plant roots to heavy metal ions in the rhizosphere, metal ion-induced reactions at the cell wall-plasma membrane interface, and various aspects of heavy metal ion uptake and transport in plants via membrane transporters. The molecular and genetic approaches that are discussed are analyzed in the context of their potential practical applications in biotechnological approaches for engineering increased heavy metal tolerance in crops and other useful plants.
植物细胞中离子动态平衡的维持是植物可持续生长、发育和生产的基本生理要求。暴露在高浓度重金属中的植物必须做出响应，以避免重金属毒性在结构、生理和分子水平上的有害影响。植物应对重金属毒性的策略因基因型而异，并且至少在一定程度上受到环境条件的调节。人们对植物金属耐受性的机制非常感兴趣，这是一个复杂的过程，使植物能够在金属离子胁迫下存活并适应，在不表现出毒性症状的情况下维持生长和发育。本综述简要总结了一些最近关于植物根系对根际中重金属离子的反应、细胞壁-质膜界面上金属离子诱导的反应以及植物通过膜转运蛋白摄取和转运重金属离子的各个方面的细胞生物学、分子和蛋白质组学发现。讨论的分子和遗传方法是在其在生物技术方法中潜在的实际应用的背景下进行分析的，这些方法可用于工程设计提高作物和其他有用植物的重金属耐受性。
