Rawlings Bruce, Davila-Ross Marina, Boysen Sarah T
Psychology Department, Centre for Comparative and Evolutionary Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DY, UK,
Anim Cogn. 2014 Jul;17(4):891-9. doi: 10.1007/s10071-013-0722-z. Epub 2013 Dec 12.
Researchers investigating the evolutionary roots of human culture have turned to comparing behaviours across nonhuman primate communities, with tool-based foraging in particular receiving much attention. This study examined whether natural extractive foraging behaviours other than tool selection differed across nonhuman primate colonies that had the same foods available. Specifically, the behaviours applied to open the hard-shelled fruits of Strychnos spp. were examined in three socially separate, semi-wild colonies of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) that lived under shared ecological conditions at Chimfunshi Wildlife Orphanage, and were comparable in their genetic makeup. The chimpanzees (N=56) consistently applied six techniques to open these fruits. GLMM results revealed differences in the number of combined technique types to open fruits across the colonies. They also showed colony differences in the application of three specific techniques. Two techniques (full biting and fruit cracking) were entirely absent in some colonies. This study provides empirical evidence that natural hard-shelled fruit-opening behaviours are distinct across chimpanzee colonies, differences that most likely have not resulted from ecological and genetic reasons.
研究人类文化进化根源的研究人员已转向比较非人类灵长类动物群体间的行为，尤其是基于工具的觅食行为受到了广泛关注。本研究考察了在有相同食物供应的非人类灵长类动物群体中，除工具选择外的自然提取觅食行为是否存在差异。具体而言，研究了在奇姆丰希野生动物孤儿院处于相同生态条件下、基因构成相似且社会独立的三个半野生黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes）群体中，用于打开马钱属植物硬壳果实的行为。这些黑猩猩（N = 56）始终采用六种技术来打开这些果实。广义线性混合模型（GLMM）结果显示，各群体打开果实的组合技术类型数量存在差异。结果还表明，在三种特定技术的应用上各群体也存在差异。两种技术（完全咬开和果实敲裂）在某些群体中完全不存在。本研究提供了实证证据，表明黑猩猩群体间自然的硬壳果实打开行为存在差异，这些差异很可能并非由生态和基因原因导致。
