Koppel Jonathan, Berntsen Dorthe
a Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences , Aarhus University , Denmark.
Memory. 2014;22(8):949-71. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2013.859269. Epub 2013 Dec 17.
We tested, across three studies, the effect of the cultural life script on memory and its phenomenological properties. We focused in particular on the mnemonic effects of both schema-consistency and frequency in the life script. In addition to testing recognition (in Study 1) and recall (in Studies 2 and 3), we also collected remember/know judgements for remembered events (in Studies 1 and 2) and memory for their emotional valence (in Study 2). Our primary finding was that, across all three studies, higher-frequency events were more memorable than lower-frequency events, as measured through either recognition or recall. We also attained three additional, complementary effects: First, schema-inconsistent events received remember ratings more often than schema-consistent events (in Study 2, with a trend to this effect in Study 1); second, where an event's emotional valence was inconsistent with the life script, memory for its valence was reconstructed to fit the script (in Study 2); and, third, intrusions in recall were disproportionately for life script events (in Study 3), although that was not the case in recognition (in Study 1). We conclude that the life script serves as a cognitive schema in how it shapes memory and its phenomenological properties.
我们在三项研究中测试了文化生活脚本对记忆及其现象学特性的影响。我们特别关注生活脚本中模式一致性和频率的记忆效应。除了测试识别（研究1）和回忆（研究2和3）之外，我们还收集了对记忆事件的记住/知道判断（研究1和2）以及对其情感效价的记忆（研究2）。我们的主要发现是，在所有三项研究中，通过识别或回忆测量，高频事件比低频事件更易记忆。我们还获得了另外三个互补效应：第一，模式不一致的事件比模式一致的事件更常获得记住评级（研究2，研究1中有此效应的趋势）；第二，当事件的情感效价与生活脚本不一致时，对其效价的记忆会被重构以符合脚本（研究2）；第三，回忆中的侵入在生活脚本事件中不成比例（研究3），尽管在识别中并非如此（研究1）。我们得出结论，生活脚本在塑造记忆及其现象学特性方面起着认知模式的作用。
