甲羟戊酸途径和 Hippo 途径的相互作用通过 YAP 调节 RHAMM 转录,从而调节乳腺癌细胞的迁移。
Interplay of mevalonate and Hippo pathways regulates RHAMM transcription via YAP to modulate breast cancer cell motility.
机构信息
School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
出版信息
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Jan 7;111(1):E89-98. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1319190110. Epub 2013 Dec 23.
Expression of receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility (RHAMM), a breast cancer susceptibility gene, is tightly controlled in normal tissues but elevated in many tumors, contributing to tumorigenesis and metastases. However, how the expression of RHAMM is regulated remains elusive. Statins, inhibitors of mevalonate metabolic pathway widely used for hypercholesterolemia, have been found to also have antitumor effects, but little is known of the specific targets and mechanisms. Moreover, Hippo signaling pathway plays crucial roles in organ size control and cancer development, yet its downstream transcriptional targets remain obscure. Here we show that RHAMM expression is regulated by mevalonate and Hippo pathways converging onto Yes-associated protein (YAP)/TEAD, which binds RHAMM promoter at specific sites and controls its transcription and consequently breast cancer cell migration and invasion (BCCMI); and that simvastatin inhibits BCCMI via targeting YAP-mediated RHAMM transcription. Required for ERK phosphorylation and BCCMI, YAP-activated RHAMM transcription is dependent on mevalonate and sensitive to simvastatin, which modulate RHAMM transcription by modulating YAP phosphorylation and nuclear-cytoplasmic localization. Further, modulation by mevalonate/simvastatin of YAP-activated RHAMM transcription requires geranylgeranylation, Rho GTPase activation, and actin cytoskeleton rearrangement, but is largely independent of MST and LATS kinase activity. These findings from in vitro and in vivo investigations link mevalonate and Hippo pathways with RHAMM as a downstream effector, a YAP-transcription and simvastatin-inhibition target, and a cancer metastasis mediator; uncover a mechanism regulating RHAMM expression and cancer metastases; and reveal a mode whereby simvastatin exerts anticancer effects; providing potential targets for cancer therapeutic agents.
透明质酸介导运动受体(RHAMM)的表达是一种乳腺癌易感基因,在正常组织中受到严格控制,但在许多肿瘤中升高,促进了肿瘤发生和转移。然而,RHAMM 的表达是如何调节的仍然难以捉摸。他汀类药物,即广泛用于高胆固醇血症的甲羟戊酸代谢途径的抑制剂,已被发现也具有抗肿瘤作用,但对其特定靶点和机制知之甚少。此外,Hippo 信号通路在器官大小控制和癌症发展中起着至关重要的作用,但下游转录靶标仍不清楚。在这里,我们表明 RHAMM 的表达受到甲羟戊酸和 Hippo 途径的调节,这两种途径都作用于 YAP/TEAD,后者在特定位点结合 RHAMM 启动子并控制其转录,从而控制乳腺癌细胞迁移和侵袭(BCCMI);辛伐他汀通过靶向 YAP 介导的 RHAMM 转录抑制 BCCMI。ERK 磷酸化和 BCCMI 所必需的 YAP 激活的 RHAMM 转录依赖于甲羟戊酸,对辛伐他汀敏感,辛伐他汀通过调节 YAP 磷酸化和核质定位来调节 RHAMM 转录。此外,甲羟戊酸/辛伐他汀对 YAP 激活的 RHAMM 转录的调节需要香叶基香叶基化、Rho GTP 酶激活和肌动蛋白细胞骨架重排,但在很大程度上独立于 MST 和 LATS 激酶活性。这些来自体外和体内研究的发现将甲羟戊酸和 Hippo 途径与 RHAMM 联系起来,RHAMM 作为下游效应物、YAP 转录和辛伐他汀抑制靶点以及癌症转移介质;揭示了一种调节 RHAMM 表达和癌症转移的机制;并揭示了辛伐他汀发挥抗癌作用的模式;为癌症治疗药物提供了潜在的靶点。
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