CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Adv Appl Microbiol. 2014;86:199-249. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800262-9.00004-4.
Taxonomy is a dynamic discipline and name changes of fungi with biotechnological, industrial, or medical importance are often difficult to understand for researchers in the applied field. Species belonging to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium are commonly used or isolated, and inadequate taxonomy or uncertain nomenclature of these genera can therefore lead to tremendous confusion. Misidentification of strains used in biotechnology can be traced back to (1) recent changes in nomenclature, (2) new taxonomic insights, including description of new species, and/or (3) incorrect identifications. Changes in the recent published International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants will lead to numerous name changes of existing Aspergillus and Penicillium species and an overview of the current names of biotechnological important species is given. Furthermore, in (biotechnological) literature old and invalid names are still used, such as Aspergillus awamori, A. foetidus, A. kawachii, Talaromyces emersonii, Acremonium cellulolyticus, and Penicillium funiculosum. An overview of these and other species with their correct names is presented. Furthermore, the biotechnologically important species Talaromyces thermophilus is here combined in Thermomyces as Th. dupontii. The importance of Aspergillus, Penicillium, and related genera is also illustrated by the high number of undertaken genome sequencing projects. A number of these strains are incorrectly identified or atypical strains are selected for these projects. Recommendations for correct strain selection are given here. Phylogenetic analysis shows a close relationship between the genome-sequenced strains of Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Monascus. Talaromyces stipitatus and T. marneffei (syn. Penicillium marneffei) are closely related to Thermomyces lanuginosus and Th. dupontii (syn. Talaromyces thermophilus), and these species appear to be distantly related to Aspergillus and Penicillium. In the last part of this review, an overview of heterothallic reproduction in Aspergillus and Penicillium is given. The new insights in the taxonomy of Aspergillus, Penicillium, and related genera will help to interpret the results generated with comparative genomics studies or other studies dealing with evolution of, for example, enzymes, mating-type loci, virulence genes, and secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters.
分类学是一个动态的学科，对于应用领域的研究人员来说，具有生物技术、工业或医学重要性的真菌名称的变化往往难以理解。属于曲霉属和青霉属的物种通常被使用或分离，因此这些属的分类不当或命名法不确定可能会导致极大的混乱。在生物技术中使用的菌株的错误鉴定可以追溯到 (1) 命名法的最近变化，(2) 新的分类学见解，包括新物种的描述，和/或 (3) 不正确的鉴定。最近公布的藻类、真菌和植物国际命名法规的变化将导致现有曲霉属和青霉属物种的大量名称变化，并给出生物技术重要物种的当前名称概述。此外，在（生物技术）文献中仍然使用旧的和无效的名称，例如 Aspergillus awamori、A. foetidus、A. kawachii、Talaromyces emersonii、Acremonium cellulolyticus 和 Penicillium funiculosum。本文介绍了这些和其他具有正确名称的物种的概述。此外，生物技术上重要的物种 Talaromyces thermophilus 在这里与 Thermomyces 合并为 Th. dupontii。曲霉属、青霉属和相关属的重要性也通过大量开展的基因组测序项目得到说明。其中一些菌株的鉴定不正确，或者选择了非典型菌株用于这些项目。本文在这里给出了正确的菌株选择建议。系统发育分析表明，曲霉属、青霉属和红曲霉属的基因组测序菌株之间存在密切关系。Talaromyces stipitatus 和 T. marneffei（同义词 Penicillium marneffei）与 Thermomyces lanuginosus 和 Th. dupontii（同义词 Talaromyces thermophilus）密切相关，这些物种与曲霉属和青霉属似乎关系较远。在本文的最后一部分，概述了曲霉属和青霉属的异宗配合生殖。曲霉属、青霉属和相关属的分类学新见解将有助于解释比较基因组学研究或其他涉及进化的研究的结果，例如酶、交配型基因座、毒力基因和次级代谢生物合成基因簇。
