Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, California, USA.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2014 Feb;33(2):350-8. doi: 10.1002/etc.2457. Epub 2014 Jan 7.
To inform future monitoring and assessment of chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) in coastal urban watersheds, the occurrence and fate of more than 60 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), commercial/household chemicals, current-use pesticides, and hormones were characterized in 2 effluent-dominated rivers in southern California (USA). Water samples were collected during 2 low-flow events at locations above and below the discharge points of water reclamation plants (WRPs) and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Approximately 50% of targeted CECs were detectable at stations downstream from WRPs, compared with <31% and <10% at the reference stations above the WRPs. Concentrations of chlorinated phosphate flame retardants were highest among the CECs tested, with mean total aggregate concentrations of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) of 3400 ng/L and 2400 ng/L for the 2 rivers. Maximum in-stream concentrations of pyrethroids (bifenthrin and permethrin), diclofenac, and galaxolide exceeded risk-based thresholds established for monitoring of CECs in effluent-dominated receiving waters. In contrast, maximum concentrations of PPCPs commonly detected in treated wastewater (e.g., acetaminophen, N,N,diethyl-meta-toluamide [DEET], and gemfibrozil) were less than 10% of established thresholds. Attenuation of target CECs was not observed downstream of WRP discharge until dilution by seawater occurred in the tidal zone, partly because of the short hydraulic residence times in these highly channelized systems (<3 d). In addition to confirming CECs for future in-stream monitoring, these results suggest that conservative mass transport is an important boundary condition for assessment of the input, fate, and effects of CECs in estuaries at the bottom of these watersheds.
为了对沿海城市流域中新兴关注化学物质（CECs）进行未来的监测和评估，本研究对美国南加州 2 条污水主导型河流中的 60 多种药物和个人护理产品（PPCPs）、商业/家用化学品、当前使用的农药和激素的出现和归宿进行了研究。在 2 个低流量事件期间，在污水处理厂（WRP）排放点的上下游位置采集水样，并使用气相色谱-质谱和液相色谱-串联质谱进行分析。与 WRP 上游的参考站相比，WRP 下游的检出站中约有 50%的目标 CECs 可被检出，而检出率分别为<31%和<10%。在所测试的 CECs 中，含氯磷酸酯阻燃剂的浓度最高，2 条河流中三（2-氯乙基）磷酸酯（TCEP）、三（1-氯-2-丙基）磷酸酯（TCPP）和三（1,3-二氯-2-丙基）磷酸酯（TDCPP）的总聚合浓度平均值分别为 3400ng/L 和 2400ng/L。2 种拟除虫菊酯（联苯菊酯和氯菊酯）、双氯芬酸和加乐麝香的最大河流水浓度超过了为监测污水主导型受纳水中的 CECs 而建立的基于风险的阈值。相比之下，在经处理的废水中常见的 PPCPs（如对乙酰氨基酚、N，N-二乙基-间甲苯酰胺[DEET]和吉非罗齐）的最大浓度均小于建立的阈值的 10%。直到在潮汐区被海水稀释后，WRP 排放口的下游才观察到目标 CECs 的衰减，这在一定程度上是由于这些高度渠道化系统中的水力停留时间很短（<3d）。这些结果除了确认了未来河流监测的 CECs 之外，还表明保守的质量迁移是评估这些流域底部河口的 CECs 输入、归宿和效应的重要边界条件。
