Gold Paul E
Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States.
Brain Res Bull. 2014 Jun;105:25-35. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.12.012. Epub 2014 Jan 7.
Epinephrine, released into blood from the adrenal medulla in response to arousing experiences, is a potent enhancer of learning and memory processing. This review examines mechanisms by which epinephrine exerts its effects on these cognitive functions. Because epinephrine is largely blocked from moving from blood to brain, it is likely that the hormone's effects on memory are mediated by peripheral actions. A classic effect of epinephrine is to act at the liver to break down glycogen stores, resulting in increased blood glucose levels. The increase in blood glucose provides additional energy substrates to the brain to buttress the processes needed for an experience to be learned and remembered. In part, it appears that the increased glucose may act in the brain in a manner akin to that evident in the liver, engaging glycogenolysis in astrocytes to provide an energy substrate, in this case lactate, to augment neuronal functions. Together, the findings reveal a mechanism underlying modulation of memory that integrates the physiological functions of multiple organ systems to support brain processes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Memory enhancement'.
肾上腺素，在应激体验时从肾上腺髓质释放到血液中，是学习和记忆处理的有力增强剂。这篇综述探讨了肾上腺素对这些认知功能产生作用的机制。由于肾上腺素在很大程度上被阻止从血液进入大脑，该激素对记忆的影响可能是由外周作用介导的。肾上腺素的一个经典作用是作用于肝脏，分解糖原储备，导致血糖水平升高。血糖的升高为大脑提供了额外的能量底物，以支持学习和记忆一段经历所需的过程。在某种程度上，似乎升高的葡萄糖在大脑中的作用方式类似于在肝脏中明显的方式，促使星形胶质细胞中的糖原分解以提供一种能量底物，在这种情况下是乳酸，以增强神经元功能。这些发现共同揭示了一种记忆调节的潜在机制，该机制整合了多个器官系统的生理功能以支持大脑过程。本文是名为“记忆增强”的特刊的一部分。
