Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
Parasit Vectors. 2014 Jan 15;7:28. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-28.
The use of synthetic pesticides and repellents to target pests of veterinary and medical significance is becoming increasingly problematic. One alternative approach employs the bioactive attributes of plant-derived products (PDPs). These are particularly attractive on the grounds of low mammalian toxicity, short environmental persistence and complex chemistries that should limit development of pest resistance against them.Several pesticides and repellents based on PDPs are already available, and in some cases widely utilised, in modern pest management. Many more have a long history of traditional use in poorer areas of the globe where access to synthetic pesticides is often limited. Preliminary studies support that PDPs could be more widely used to target numerous medical and veterinary pests, with modes of action often specific to invertebrates.Though their current and future potential appears significant, development and deployment of PDPs to target veterinary and medical pests is not without issue. Variable efficacy is widely recognised as a restraint to PDPs for pest control. Identifying and developing natural bioactive PDP components in place of chemically less-stable raw or 'whole' products seems to be the most popular solution to this problem. A limited residual activity, often due to photosensitivity or high volatility, is a further drawback in some cases (though potentially advantageous in others). Nevertheless, encapsulation technologies and other slow-release mechanisms offer strong potential to improve residual activity where needed.The current review provides a summary of existing use and future potential of PDPs against ectoparasites of veterinary and medical significance. Four main types of PDP are considered (pyrethrum, neem, essential oils and plant extracts) for their pesticidal, growth regulating and repellent or deterrent properties. An overview of existing use and research for each is provided, with direction to more extensive reviews given in many sections. Sections to highlight potential issues, modes of action and emerging and future potential are also included.
利用合成农药和驱虫剂来防治具有兽医和医学意义的害虫，正变得越来越成问题。另一种替代方法是利用植物源产品（PDP）的生物活性属性。这些产品具有哺乳动物毒性低、环境持久性短以及复杂化学性质等特点，这应能限制害虫对其产生抗性。已经有几种基于 PDP 的农药和驱虫剂，在现代害虫管理中已经得到应用，在某些情况下得到了广泛应用。在全球较贫困地区，许多 PDP 有着长期的传统应用历史，而这些地区往往难以获得合成农药。初步研究表明，PDP 可以更广泛地用于防治许多医学和兽医害虫，其作用模式通常针对无脊椎动物。尽管它们目前和未来的潜力似乎很大，但开发和部署 PDP 来防治兽医和医学害虫并非没有问题。疗效的可变性是广泛认识到 PDP 防治害虫的一个限制因素。识别和开发天然生物活性 PDP 成分，而不是化学稳定性较低的原始或“全”产品，似乎是解决这个问题的最流行方法。在某些情况下，有限的残留活性（通常由于光敏感性或高挥发性）是另一个缺点（尽管在其他情况下可能是有利的）。然而，包封技术和其他缓释机制为在需要时提高残留活性提供了很大的潜力。本综述提供了 PDP 防治兽医和医学重要的外寄生虫的现有用途和未来潜力的概述。考虑了四种主要类型的 PDP（除虫菊素、印楝、精油和植物提取物），因为它们具有杀虫、生长调节、驱虫或驱避作用。对每种 PDP 的现有用途和研究进行了概述，并在许多部分提供了更广泛的综述方向。突出潜在问题、作用模式以及新兴和未来潜力的部分也包括在内。
