Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, New York University School of Medicine, 227 E 30th Street, 7th Floor, #740, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Microbiome. 2013 Dec 23;1(1):31. doi: 10.1186/2049-2618-1-31.
Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the skin. We sought to characterize and compare the cutaneous microbiota of psoriatic lesions (lesion group), unaffected contralateral skin from psoriatic patients (unaffected group), and similar skin loci in matched healthy controls (control group) in order to discern patterns that govern skin colonization and their relationship to clinical diagnosis.
Using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we assayed the cutaneous bacterial communities of 51 matched triplets and characterized these samples using community data analysis techniques. Intragroup Unifrac β diversity revealed increasing diversity from control to unaffected to lesion specimens. Likewise, principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) revealed separation of the lesion samples from unaffected and control along the first axis, suggesting that psoriasis is a major contributor to the observed diversity. The taxonomic richness and evenness decreased in both lesion and unaffected communities compared to control. These differences are explained by the combined increased abundance of the four major skin-associated genera (Corynebacterium, Propionibacterium, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus), which present a potentially useful predictor for clinical skin type. Psoriasis samples also showed significant univariate decreases in relative abundances and strong classification performance of Cupriavidus, Flavisolibacter, Methylobacterium, and Schlegelella genera versus controls. The cutaneous microbiota separated into two distinct clusters, which we call cutaneotypes: (1) Proteobacteria-associated microbiota, and (2) Firmicutes-associated and Actinobacteria-associated microbiota. Cutaneotype 2 is enriched in lesion specimens compared to control (odds ratio 3.52 (95% CI 1.44 to 8.98), P <0.01).
Our results indicate that psoriasis induces physiological changes both at the lesion site and at the systemic level, which select for specific differential microbiota among the assayed clinical skin types. These differences in microbial community structure in psoriasis patients are potentially of pathophysiologic and diagnostic significance.
银屑病是一种常见的慢性皮肤炎症性疾病。我们旨在对银屑病皮损（皮损组）、银屑病患者未受累对侧皮肤（未受累组）以及匹配健康对照者的相似皮肤部位（对照组）的皮肤微生物群进行特征描述和比较，以发现决定皮肤定植的模式及其与临床诊断的关系。
我们使用高通量 16S rRNA 基因测序方法对 51 对匹配三联体的皮肤细菌群落进行了检测，并使用群落数据分析技术对这些样本进行了特征描述。组内无差异均方根（Unifrac）β多样性分析显示，从对照组到未受累组到皮损组，多样性逐渐增加。同样，主坐标分析（PCoA）也显示皮损样本与未受累组和对照组沿第一轴分离，表明银屑病是观察到的多样性的主要贡献者。与对照组相比，皮损组和未受累组的分类丰富度和均匀度均降低。这种差异可由四大主要皮肤相关属（棒状杆菌属、丙酸杆菌属、葡萄球菌属和链球菌属）的联合丰度增加来解释，这为临床皮肤类型提供了一个潜在的有用预测指标。与对照组相比，银屑病样本中 Cupriavidus、Flavisolibacter、Methylobacterium 和 Schlegelella 属的相对丰度显著降低，且具有较强的分类性能。皮肤微生物群分为两个明显不同的簇，我们称之为“cutaneotype”：（1）与变形菌门相关的微生物群；（2）与厚壁菌门和放线菌门相关的微生物群。与对照组相比，cutaneotype 2 在皮损样本中更为丰富（比值比 3.52（95%置信区间 1.44 至 8.98），P<0.01）。
我们的研究结果表明，银屑病在皮损部位和全身水平均引起生理变化，这些变化选择了在检测的临床皮肤类型中特定的差异微生物群。银屑病患者微生物群落结构的这些差异可能具有病理生理和诊断意义。
