Department of Psychology.
Department of Psychology, University of Kansas.
Psychol Bull. 2014 Jul;140(4):921-48. doi: 10.1037/a0035754. Epub 2014 Feb 17.
In 2 meta-analyses, we examined the relationship between perceived discrimination and psychological well-being and tested a number of moderators of that relationship. In Meta-Analysis 1 (328 independent effect sizes, N = 144,246), we examined correlational data measuring both perceived discrimination and psychological well-being (e.g., self-esteem, depression, anxiety, psychological distress, life satisfaction). Using a random-effects model, the mean weighted effect size was significantly negative, indicating harm (r = -.23). Effect sizes were larger for disadvantaged groups (r = -.24) compared to advantaged groups (r = -.10), larger for children compared to adults, larger for perceptions of personal discrimination compared to group discrimination, and weaker for racism and sexism compared to other stigmas. The negative relationship was significant across different operationalizations of well-being but was somewhat weaker for positive outcomes (e.g., self-esteem, positive affect) than for negative outcomes (e.g., depression, anxiety, negative affect). Importantly, the effect size was significantly negative even in longitudinal studies that controlled for prior levels of well-being (r = -.15). In Meta-Analysis 2 (54 independent effect sizes, N = 2,640), we examined experimental data from studies manipulating perceptions of discrimination and measuring well-being. We found that the effect of discrimination on well-being was significantly negative for studies that manipulated general perceptions of discrimination (d = -.25), but effects did not differ from 0 when attributions to discrimination for a specific negative event were compared to personal attributions (d = .06). Overall, results support the idea that the pervasiveness of perceived discrimination is fundamental to its harmful effects on psychological well-being.
在两项荟萃分析中，我们考察了感知歧视与心理健康之间的关系，并检验了这种关系的一些调节因素。在荟萃分析 1（328 个独立效应量，N=144246）中，我们考察了同时测量感知歧视和心理健康（例如自尊、抑郁、焦虑、心理困扰、生活满意度）的相关数据。使用随机效应模型，平均加权效应量显著为负，表明存在伤害（r=-.23）。与优势群体（r=-.10）相比，劣势群体的效应量更大（r=-.24）；与成人相比，儿童的效应量更大；与群体歧视相比，个人歧视的感知效应量更大；与其他污名相比，种族主义和性别歧视的效应量较弱。这种负相关在不同的幸福感操作定义中都是显著的，但与消极结果（例如抑郁、焦虑、消极情绪）相比，与积极结果（例如自尊、积极情绪）的相关性略弱。重要的是，即使在控制了幸福感先前水平的纵向研究中，效应量仍然显著为负（r=-.15）。在荟萃分析 2（54 个独立效应量，N=2640）中，我们考察了操纵感知歧视并测量幸福感的研究中的实验数据。我们发现，当将对特定负面事件的歧视归因与个人归因进行比较时，歧视对幸福感的影响在操纵一般歧视感知的研究中显著为负（d=-.25），但效应量与 0 无差异（d=-.06）。总体而言，结果支持这样一种观点，即感知歧视的普遍性是其对心理健康产生有害影响的基础。
