Virtanen Marianna, Oksanen Tuula, Batty G David, Ala-Mursula Leena, Salo Paula, Elovainio Marko, Pentti Jaana, Lybäck Katinka, Vahtera Jussi, Kivimäki Mika
Centre of Expertise for the Development of Work and Organizations, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki and Turku, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom ; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom ; Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
PLoS One. 2014 Feb 19;9(2):e88695. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088695. eCollection 2014.
In response to the economic consequences of ageing of the population, governments are seeking ways with which people might work into older age. We examined the association of working conditions and health with extended employment (defined as >6 months beyond the pensionable age) in a cohort of older, non-disabled employees who have reached old-age retirement.
A total of 4,677 Finnish employees who reached their old-age pensionable date between 2005 and 2011 (mean age 59.8 years in 2005, 73% women) had their survey responses before pensionable age linked to national health and pension registers, resulting in a prospective cohort study.
In all, 832 participants (17.8%) extended their employment by more than 6 months beyond the pensionable date. After multivariable adjustment, the following factors were associated with extended employment: absence of diagnosed mental disorder (OR 1.25, 95% confidence interval = 1.01-1.54) and psychological distress (OR 1.68; 1.35-2.08) and of the work characteristics, high work time control (OR 2.31; 1.88-2.84). The projected probability of extended employment was 21.3% (19.5-23.1) among those free of psychiatric morbidity and with high work time control, while the corresponding probability was only 9.2% (7.4-11.4) among those with both psychiatric morbidity and poor work time control. The contribution of chronic somatic diseases was modest.
In the present study, good mental health in combination with the opportunity to control work time seem to be key factors in extended employment into older age. In addition, high work time control might promote work life participation irrespective of employees' somatic disease status.
为应对人口老龄化带来的经济后果，各国政府正在探寻让人们能够工作到更高龄的方法。我们在一组已达到老年退休年龄的非残疾老年员工队列中，研究了工作条件和健康状况与延长就业（定义为超过可领取养老金年龄6个月以上）之间的关联。
共有4677名在2005年至2011年间达到可领取养老金年龄的芬兰员工（2005年平均年龄59.8岁，女性占73%），他们在可领取养老金年龄之前的调查回复与国家健康和养老金登记册相关联，从而形成了一项前瞻性队列研究。
总共有832名参与者（17.8%）在可领取养老金日期之后延长就业超过6个月。经过多变量调整后，以下因素与延长就业相关：未被诊断出患有精神障碍（比值比1.25，95%置信区间=1.01-1.54）、心理困扰（比值比1.68；1.35-2.08），以及在工作特征方面，工作时间自主性高（比值比2.31；1.88-2.84）。在没有精神疾病且工作时间自主性高的人群中，延长就业的预计概率为21.3%（19.5-23.1），而在既有精神疾病又工作时间自主性差的人群中，相应概率仅为9.2%（7.4-11.4）。慢性躯体疾病的影响较小。
在本研究中，良好的心理健康状况与控制工作时间的机会似乎是延长老年就业的关键因素。此外，无论员工的躯体疾病状况如何，工作时间自主性高可能会促进工作生活参与度。
