Department of Economics & Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
Department of Prevention, Health Promotion and Community Care, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.
BMC Public Health. 2024 Mar 4;24(1):692. doi: 10.1186/s12889-024-18161-1.
Demographic changes in all industrialized countries have led to a keen interest in extending working lives for older workers. To achieve this goal, it is essential to understand the patterns of retirement and specifically what characterizes individuals who continue to work beyond retirement age. Thus, the aim of this paper was to contribute to the international body of empirical knowledge about individuals who continue in the workforce after retirement age. We present evidence from Denmark and examine what characterizes individuals who continue in the workforce after retirement age and investigate the likelihood of continued work after retirement age while controlling for a set of socio-economic and lifestyle factors.
The study population consisted of 5,474 respondents to the Copenhagen Aging and Midlife Biobank (CAMB) 2021 survey, divided into two groups. The first group included subjects (n = 1,293) who stayed longer in the workforce even though they had the possibility to retire. The second group consisted of subjects who had retired full-time at the time of the survey (n = 4,181). Survey data was linked to register data to provide a broader dataset. In order to investigate the heterogeneity between the two groups in terms of important socio-economic, work-related and health-related variables, t-test, Mann-Whitney U (Wilcoxon Rank) test, and chi-square tests were employed. Further, to examine the probability of an individual working after retirement age a logit model with step-wise inclusion was utilized.
Overall, individuals who continue to work even though they could retire tend to be wealthier, healthier, and males compared to individuals who are retired full-time. Further, there are more older workers who have partners and are co-habitants than retirees. The likelihood of continuing in the workforce past retirement age is affected by several work-related factors as well as life-style factors. The likelihood of working past retirement age decreases by years spent in the workforce (marginal effect of -0.003), if you have a partner (-0.080) and if your partner is outside of the workforce (marginal effect of -0.106). The likelihood increases by health (marginal effect of -0.044 of moving from excellent/very good health to good health or to fair/poor health, physical working capability (marginal effect of -0.083 of moving from no/some problems to severe problems or cannot work at all) and income (marginal effect of 0.083 from moving from the lowest income-quantile to higher quantiles).
These results are in line with the previous literature and suggest the importance of designing retirement policies that tailor the transition toward retirement according to specific characteristics of both the individual and the segment of occupation.
所有工业化国家的人口结构变化都导致人们对延长老年工人的工作寿命产生了浓厚的兴趣。为了实现这一目标，了解退休模式至关重要，特别是要了解那些超过退休年龄仍继续工作的人的特征。因此，本文的目的是为国际上关于退休后继续工作的个人的实证知识做出贡献。我们提供了丹麦的证据，并研究了那些在退休后继续工作的人的特征，同时控制了一系列社会经济和生活方式因素，调查了他们在退休后继续工作的可能性。
该研究人群由 5474 名参加哥本哈根老龄化和中年生物库（CAMB）2021 年调查的受访者组成，分为两组。第一组包括尽管有退休可能性但仍在劳动力中工作时间更长的受试者（n=1293）。第二组由在调查时已全职退休的受试者组成（n=4181）。调查数据与登记数据相关联，以提供更广泛的数据集。为了研究两组在重要的社会经济、工作相关和健康相关变量方面的异质性，使用了 t 检验、Mann-Whitney U（Wilcoxon 秩）检验和卡方检验。此外，为了研究个体退休后工作的概率，使用逐步纳入的逻辑模型进行了检验。
总体而言，与全职退休的人相比，那些尽管可以退休但仍继续工作的人往往更富有、更健康、是男性。此外，与退休人员相比，有更多的老年工人有伴侣并共同居住。退休后继续工作的可能性受到工作相关因素和生活方式因素的影响。在工作年限（边际效应为-0.003）、是否有伴侣（边际效应为-0.080）以及伴侣是否不在劳动力中（边际效应为-0.106）等方面，工作年限对继续工作的可能性有影响。健康状况（从优秀/非常好的健康状况到良好或一般/较差的健康状况的边际效应为-0.044）、身体工作能力（从没有/有些问题到严重问题或完全无法工作的边际效应为-0.083）和收入（从最低收入量到更高量的边际效应为 0.083）的提高都增加了工作的可能性。
这些结果与之前的文献一致，表明设计退休政策的重要性，根据个人和职业群体的具体特点，使向退休的过渡符合个人和职业群体的特点。
