Narayan Angela J, Sapienza Julianna K, Monn Amy R, Lingras Katherine A, Masten Ann S
a Institute of Child Development , University of Minnesota, Twin Cities.
J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2015;44(4):676-88. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2014.881292. Epub 2014 Mar 17.
This study examined risk, vulnerability, and protective processes of parental expressed emotion for children's peer relationships in families living in emergency shelters with high rates of exposure to parental violence (EPV). Parental criticism and negativity were hypothesized to exacerbate the association between EPV and poorer peer relations, whereas parental warmth was expected to buffer this association. Participants included 138 homeless parents (M = 30.77 years, SD = 6.33, range = 20.51-57.32 years; 64% African American, 12% Caucasian, 24% other) and their 4-to 6-year-old children (43.5% male; M = 4.83, SD = .58, range = 4.83-6.92 years; 67% African American, 2% Caucasian, 31% other). Families were assessed during the summer at three urban shelters, with parents completing the Five-Minute Speech Sample (FMSS), later scored for criticism, negativity, and warmth, and interview items about EPV. Teachers were subsequently contacted in the fall about children's classroom behavior, and they provided ratings of peer relations. Demographic factors, parental internalizing symptoms, and observed parental harshness were examined as covariates. Regression analyses indicated an interaction of EPV and warmth, consistent with a moderating effect of expressed emotion for EPV and peer relations, although no interactions were found for criticism or negativity. Observed harshness also directly predicted worse peer relations. Parental warmth may be protective for positive peer relations among impoverished families with high levels of EPV. The FMSS is discussed as an efficient tool with potential for both basic clinical research and preventative interventions designed to target or assess change in parental expressed emotion.
本研究考察了居住在紧急避难所且遭受父母暴力（EPV）比率较高的家庭中，父母表达性情绪对孩子同伴关系的风险、易感性和保护过程。研究假设父母的批评和消极情绪会加剧EPV与较差同伴关系之间的关联，而父母的温暖则有望缓冲这种关联。参与者包括138名无家可归的父母（平均年龄M = 30.77岁，标准差SD = 6.33，年龄范围 = 20.51 - 57.32岁；64%为非裔美国人，12%为白人，24%为其他种族）及其4至6岁的孩子（43.5%为男性；平均年龄M = 4.83岁，标准差SD = 0.58，年龄范围 = 4.83 - 6.92岁；67%为非裔美国人，2%为白人，31%为其他种族）。在夏季，对三个城市避难所中的家庭进行了评估，父母完成了五分钟言语样本（FMSS），随后对批评、消极情绪和温暖程度进行评分，并就EPV进行访谈。随后在秋季联系了教师，了解孩子们在课堂上的行为，教师提供了同伴关系评分。将人口统计学因素、父母的内化症状以及观察到的父母严厉程度作为协变量进行了考察。回归分析表明EPV与温暖之间存在交互作用，这与表达性情绪对EPV和同伴关系的调节作用一致，不过在批评或消极情绪方面未发现交互作用。观察到的严厉程度也直接预示着较差的同伴关系。父母的温暖可能对EPV水平较高的贫困家庭中积极的同伴关系具有保护作用。FMSS被作为一种有效的工具进行了讨论，它在基础临床研究和旨在针对或评估父母表达性情绪变化的预防性干预方面都具有潜力。
