Schneider Klaus, Schwarz Markus A, Lindtner Oliver, Blume Katrin, Heinemeyer Gerhard
a FoBiG, Forschungs- und Beratungsinstitut Gefahrstoffe GmbH , Freiburg , Germany.
Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2014;31(6):1052-63. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2014.905875. Epub 2014 May 2.
Lead is a highly toxic contaminant with food being the major source of exposure for the general public. The second German food consumption survey (Nationale Verzehrsstudie II - NVS II) with about 20 000 participants (15 371 for dietary history interviews used for this study) allowed for an updated exposure assessment for the German population. Based on these comprehensive data, information on consumption of 545 individual food items by the German population was generated. Lead concentrations in food were compiled from the German food monitoring programme, European countries' authority programmes and the published literature, covering the years from 2000 to 2009, and were multiplied with consumption data to obtain estimates of lead intake from food. Average lead concentrations per main food group were highest for meat (including offal), followed by fish (including seafood), vegetables and cereals. Due to high consumption, beverages contributed most to the intake of the general public, followed by main groups vegetables, fruits & nuts and cereals. Lead intake from food was estimated to be 0.53 and 0.72 µg kg(-1) bw and day for average and high-end consumers, respectively. This is close to (average consumers) respectively above (high-end consumers) a reference value derived from a recent health risk evaluation performed by EFSA, using the benchmark approach. Uncertainties in these estimates pertain to the influence of values below the limit of quantification and some foods not considered due to lacking occurrence data. In conclusion, the estimated lead intake of the German population from food is still close to health-based reference values. Further efforts to reduce lead intake are required.
铅是一种剧毒污染物，食物是普通大众铅暴露的主要来源。第二次德国食物消费调查（全国饮食研究II - NVS II）约有20000名参与者（本研究用于饮食史访谈的有15371人），使得对德国人群的铅暴露评估得以更新。基于这些全面的数据，得出了德国人群545种单一食物的消费信息。食物中的铅浓度汇编自德国食物监测计划、欧洲国家官方计划以及已发表的文献，涵盖2000年至2009年，再乘以消费数据以获得食物中铅摄入量的估计值。按主要食物类别划分，肉类（包括内脏）的平均铅浓度最高，其次是鱼类（包括海鲜）、蔬菜和谷物。由于消费量高，饮料对普通大众的铅摄入量贡献最大，其次是主要类别蔬菜、水果和坚果以及谷物。估计普通消费者和高端消费者从食物中摄入的铅分别为0.53和0.72微克/千克体重/天。这分别接近（普通消费者）和高于（高端消费者）欧洲食品安全局（EFSA）近期采用基准方法进行健康风险评估得出的参考值。这些估计值的不确定性涉及低于定量限的值的影响以及由于缺乏出现数据而未考虑的一些食物。总之，德国人群从食物中摄入的铅估计值仍接近基于健康的参考值。需要进一步努力降低铅摄入量。
