Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720-1710, United States.
Environ Sci Technol. 2014 Jun 3;48(11):6484-91. doi: 10.1021/es5002715. Epub 2014 May 13.
Cooking in the developing world generates pollutants that endanger the health of billions of people and contribute to climate change. This study quantified pollutants emitted when cooking with a three-stone fire (TSF) and the Berkeley-Darfur Stove (BDS), the latter of which encloses the fire to increase fuel efficiency. The stoves were operated at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory testing facility with a narrow range of fuel feed rates to minimize performance variability. Fast (1 Hz) measurements of pollutants enabled discrimination between the stoves' emission profiles and development of woodsmoke-specific calibrations for the aethalometer (black carbon, BC) and DustTrak (fine particles, PM2.5). The BDS used 65±5% (average±95% confidence interval) of the wood consumed by the TSF and emitted 50±5% of the carbon monoxide emitted by the TSF for an equivalent cooking task, indicating its higher thermal efficiency and a modest improvement in combustion efficiency. The BDS reduced total PM2.5 by 50% but achieved only a 30% reduction in BC emissions. The BDS-emitted particles were, therefore, more sunlight-absorbing: the average single scattering albedo at 532 nm was 0.36 for the BDS and 0.47 for the TSF. Mass emissions of PM2.5 and BC varied more than emissions of CO and wood consumption over all tests, and emissions and wood consumption varied more among TSF than BDS tests. The international community and the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves have proposed performance targets for the highest tier of cookstoves that correspond to greater reductions in fuel consumption and PM2.5 emissions of approximately 65% and 95%, respectively, compared to baseline cooking with the TSF. Given the accompanying decrease in BC emissions for stoves that achieve this stretch goal and BC's extremely high global warming potential, the short-term climate change mitigation from avoided BC emissions could exceed that from avoided CO2 emissions.
发展中国家的烹饪会产生污染物，危害数十亿人的健康，并导致气候变化。本研究量化了使用三石炉（TSF）和伯克利-达尔富尔炉（BDS）烹饪时排放的污染物，后者将火围起来以提高燃料效率。在劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室的测试设施中，以较窄的燃料进料速率操作这些炉子，以最大限度地减少性能变化。快速（1Hz）的污染物测量能够区分炉子的排放特征，并为黑碳仪（BC）和 DustTrak（细颗粒物，PM2.5）开发针对木质烟雾的特定校准。BDS 使用 TSF 消耗的木材的 65±5%（平均值±95%置信区间），并排放 TSF 排放的一氧化碳的 50±5%，用于等效的烹饪任务，表明其具有更高的热效率和适度提高燃烧效率。BDS 减少了总 PM2.5 的 50%，但仅减少了 BC 排放的 30%。因此，BDS 排放的颗粒对阳光的吸收更强：BDS 的平均单次散射反照率在 532nm 处为 0.36，而 TSF 为 0.47。在所有测试中，PM2.5 和 BC 的质量排放比 CO 和木材消耗的排放变化更大，而 TSF 的排放和木材消耗比 BDS 测试的变化更大。国际社会和全球清洁炉灶联盟已经为炉灶的最高级别提出了性能目标，与使用 TSF 进行基线烹饪相比，这些目标分别对应于燃料消耗和 PM2.5 排放减少约 65%和 95%。考虑到达到这一目标的炉灶的 BC 排放量减少以及 BC 极高的全球变暖潜力，避免 BC 排放的短期气候变化缓解可能超过避免 CO2 排放的缓解。
