Mutlu Esra, Warren Sarah H, Ebersviller Seth M, Kooter Ingeborg M, Schmid Judith E, Dye Janice A, Linak William P, Gilmour M Ian, Jetter James J, Higuchi Mark, DeMarini David M
National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
Environ Health Perspect. 2016 Jul;124(7):974-82. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1509852. Epub 2016 Feb 19.
Emissions from solid fuels used for cooking cause ~4 million premature deaths per year. Advanced solid-fuel cookstoves are a potential solution, but they should be assessed by appropriate performance indicators, including biological effects.
We evaluated two categories of solid-fuel cookstoves for eight pollutant and four mutagenicity emission factors, correlated the mutagenicity emission factors, and compared them to those of other combustion emissions.
We burned red oak in a 3-stone fire (TSF), a natural-draft stove (NDS), and a forced-draft stove (FDS), and we combusted propane as a liquified petroleum gas control fuel. We determined emission factors based on useful energy (megajoules delivered, MJd) for carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides (NOx), black carbon, methane, total hydrocarbons, 32 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PM2.5, levoglucosan (a wood-smoke marker), and mutagenicity in Salmonella.
With the exception of NOx, the emission factors per MJd were highly correlated (r ≥ 0.97); the correlation for NOx with the other emission factors was 0.58-0.76. Excluding NOx, the NDS and FDS reduced the emission factors an average of 68 and 92%, respectively, relative to the TSF. Nevertheless, the mutagenicity emission factor based on fuel energy used (MJthermal) for the most efficient stove (FDS) was between those of a large diesel bus engine and a small diesel generator.
Both mutagenicity and pollutant emission factors may be informative for characterizing cookstove performance. However, mutagenicity emission factors may be especially useful for characterizing potential health effects and should be evaluated in relation to health outcomes in future research. An FDS operated as intended by the manufacturer is safer than a TSF, but without adequate ventilation, it will still result in poor indoor air quality.
Mutlu E, Warren SH, Ebersviller SM, Kooter IM, Schmid JE, Dye JA, Linak WP, Gilmour MI, Jetter JJ, Higuchi M, DeMarini DM. 2016. Mutagenicity and pollutant emission factors of solid-fuel cookstoves: comparison with other combustion sources. Environ Health Perspect 124:974-982; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1509852.
用于烹饪的固体燃料排放每年导致约400万人过早死亡。先进的固体燃料炉灶是一种潜在的解决方案，但应通过包括生物效应在内的适当性能指标进行评估。
我们评估了两类固体燃料炉灶的8种污染物排放因子和4种致突变性排放因子，对致突变性排放因子进行了相关性分析，并将它们与其他燃烧排放的因子进行了比较。
我们在一个三石灶（TSF）、一个自然通风炉灶（NDS）和一个强制通风炉灶（FDS）中燃烧红橡木，并燃烧丙烷作为液化石油气对照燃料。我们根据有用能量（输送的兆焦耳，MJd）确定了一氧化碳、氮氧化物（NOx）、黑碳、甲烷、总烃、32种多环芳烃、PM2.5、左旋葡聚糖（一种木烟标志物）以及沙门氏菌中的致突变性的排放因子。
除NOx外，每MJd的排放因子高度相关（r≥0.97）；NOx与其他排放因子的相关性为0.58 - 0.76。排除NOx后，相对于TSF，NDS和FDS的排放因子平均分别降低了68%和92%。然而，基于所用燃料能量（MJthermal）的最有效炉灶（FDS）的致突变性排放因子介于大型柴油公交车发动机和小型柴油发电机之间。
致突变性和污染物排放因子对于表征炉灶性能可能都具有参考价值。然而，致突变性排放因子对于表征潜在健康影响可能特别有用，应在未来研究中结合健康结果进行评估。按制造商预期运行的FDS比TSF更安全，但如果没有足够的通风，室内空气质量仍然会很差。
Mutlu E, Warren SH, Ebersviller SM, Kooter IM, Schmid JE, Dye JA, Linak WP, Gilmour MI, Jetter JJ, Higuchi M, DeMarini DM. 2016.固体燃料炉灶致突变性和污染物排放因子：与其他燃烧源的比较。环境健康展望124:974 - 982；http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1509852。
