La Frano Michael R, de Moura Fabiana F, Boy Erick, Lönnerdal Bo, Burri Betty J
Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA; Western Human Nutrition Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Davis, California, USA.
Nutr Rev. 2014 May;72(5):289-307. doi: 10.1111/nure.12108. Epub 2014 Apr 1.
International research efforts, including those funded by HarvestPlus, a Challenge Program of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), are focusing on conventional plant breeding to biofortify staple crops such as maize, rice, cassava, beans, wheat, sweet potatoes, and pearl millet to increase the concentrations of micronutrients that are commonly deficient in specific population groups of developing countries. The bioavailability of micronutrients in unfortified staple crops in developing regions is typically low, which raises questions about the efficacy of these crops to improve population micronutrient status. This review of recent studies of biofortified crops aims to assess the micronutrient bioavailability of biofortified staple crops in order to derive lessons that may help direct plant breeding and to infer the potential efficacy of food-based nutrition interventions. Although reducing the amounts of antinutrients and the conduction of food processing generally increases the bioavailability of micronutrients, antinutrients still possess important benefits, and food processing results in micronutrient loss. In general, biofortified foods with relatively higher micronutrient density have higher total absorption rates than nonbiofortified varieties. Thus, evidence supports the focus on efforts to breed plants with increased micronutrient concentrations in order to decrease the influence of inhibitors and to offset losses from processing.
包括由国际农业研究磋商组织（CGIAR）的挑战计划“HarvestPlus”资助的研究在内，国际研究工作正聚焦于传统植物育种，以对玉米、水稻、木薯、豆类、小麦、红薯和珍珠粟等主粮作物进行生物强化，从而提高发展中国家特定人群中普遍缺乏的微量营养素的含量。发展中地区未强化主粮作物中微量营养素的生物利用率通常较低，这引发了对这些作物改善人群微量营养素状况功效的质疑。这篇对生物强化作物近期研究的综述旨在评估生物强化主粮作物中微量营养素的生物利用率，以便汲取有助于指导植物育种的经验教训，并推断基于食物的营养干预措施的潜在功效。尽管减少抗营养物质的含量以及进行食品加工通常会提高微量营养素的生物利用率，但抗营养物质仍有重要益处，且食品加工会导致微量营养素流失。一般来说，微量营养素密度相对较高的生物强化食品的总吸收率高于未进行生物强化的品种。因此，有证据支持专注于培育微量营养素含量更高的植物，以减少抑制剂的影响并抵消加工造成的损失。
