Yoshimura Takeshi, Rasband Matthew N
Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.
Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2014 Aug;27:96-102. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2014.03.004. Epub 2014 Apr 3.
The axon initial segment (AIS) is a structurally and molecularly unique neuronal compartment of the proximal axon that functions as both a physiological and physical bridge between the somatodendritic and axonal domains. The AIS has two main functions: to initiate action potentials and to maintain neuronal polarity. The cytoskeletal scaffold ankyrinG is responsible for these functions and clusters ion channels at the AIS. Recent studies reveal how the AIS forms and remarkable diversity in its structure, function, and composition that may be modulated by neuronal activity and posttranslational modifications of AIS proteins. Furthermore, AIS proteins have been implicated in a variety of human diseases. Here, we discuss these findings and what they teach us about the dynamic AIS.
轴突起始段（AIS）是近端轴突在结构和分子上独特的神经元区室，它作为躯体树突和轴突区域之间的生理和物理桥梁发挥作用。AIS有两个主要功能：启动动作电位和维持神经元极性。细胞骨架支架锚蛋白G负责这些功能，并在AIS聚集离子通道。最近的研究揭示了AIS如何形成以及其在结构、功能和组成方面的显著多样性，这些可能受到神经元活动和AIS蛋白翻译后修饰的调节。此外，AIS蛋白与多种人类疾病有关。在这里，我们讨论这些发现以及它们让我们对动态的AIS有了哪些了解。
