Burfeind O, Suthar V S, Voigtsberger R, Bonk S, Heuwieser W
Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Theriogenology. 2014 Jul 1;82(1):121-31. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.03.006. Epub 2014 Mar 18.
A strategy widely adopted in the modern dairy industry is the introduction of postpartum health monitoring programs by trained farm personnel. Within these fresh cow protocols, various parameters (e.g., rectal temperature, attitude, milk production, uterine discharge, ketones) are evaluated during the first 5 to 14 days in milk (DIMs) to diagnose relevant diseases. It is well documented that 14% to 66% of healthy cows exhibit at least one temperature of 39.5 °C or greater within the first 10 DIM. Although widely adopted, data on diagnostic performance of body temperature (BT) measurement to diagnose infectious diseases (e.g., metritis, mastitis) are lacking. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify possible factors associated with BT in postpartum dairy cows. A study was conducted on a commercial dairy farm including 251 cows. In a total of 217 cows, a vaginal temperature logger was inserted from DIM 2 to 10, whereas 34 cows did not receive a temperature logger as control. Temperature loggers measured vaginal temperature every 10 minutes. Rectal temperature was measured twice daily in all cows. On DIM 2, 5, and 10, cows underwent a clinical examination. Body temperature was influenced by various parameters. Primiparous cows had 0.2 °C higher BT than multiparous cows. Multiparous cows that calved during June and July had higher BT than those that calved in May. In primiparous cows, this effect was only evident from DIM 7 to 10. Furthermore, abnormal calving conditions (i.e., assisted calving, dead calf, retained placenta, twins) affected BT in cows. This effect was more pronounced in multiparous cows. Abnormal vaginal discharge did increase BT in primiparous and multiparous cows. Primiparous cows suffering from hyperketonemia (beta-hydroxybutyrat ≥ 1.4 mmol/L) had higher BT than those not affected. In multiparous cows, there was no association between hyperketonemia and BT. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that BT is influenced by various parameters in dairy cows. Therefore, these parameters have to be considered when interpreting measurements of BT in dairy cows. This information helps to explain the high incidence of type I and II errors when measuring BT and clearly illustrates that measures of BT should not be used as a single criterion to decide whether or not to provide antibiotic treatment to dairy cows. However, research-based test characteristics of other parameters (e.g., vaginal discharge) alone or in combination with BT are still lacking.
现代奶牛养殖业广泛采用的一种策略是由训练有素的农场工作人员引入产后健康监测计划。在这些初产母牛方案中，会在产犊后第5至14天评估各种参数（如直肠温度、精神状态、产奶量、子宫排出物、酮体），以诊断相关疾病。有充分文献记载，14%至66%的健康母牛在产犊后前10天内至少有一次体温达到或高于39.5°C。尽管该方法被广泛采用，但缺乏关于体温测量对诊断传染病（如子宫炎、乳腺炎）的诊断性能的数据。因此，本研究的目的是确定与产后奶牛体温相关的可能因素。在一个有251头奶牛的商业奶牛场进行了一项研究。总共217头奶牛在产犊后第2至10天插入了阴道温度记录仪，而34头奶牛未安装温度记录仪作为对照。温度记录仪每10分钟测量一次阴道温度。所有奶牛每天测量两次直肠温度。在产犊后第2、5和10天，对奶牛进行临床检查。体温受多种参数影响。初产母牛的体温比经产母牛高0.2°C。6月和7月产犊的经产母牛体温高于5月产犊的经产母牛。在初产母牛中，这种影响仅在产犊后第7至10天明显。此外，异常产犊情况（即助产、死胎、胎盘滞留、双胞胎）会影响奶牛的体温。这种影响在经产母牛中更为明显。异常的阴道分泌物确实会使初产母牛和经产母牛的体温升高。患有高酮血症（β-羟基丁酸≥1.4 mmol/L）的初产母牛体温高于未受影响的母牛。在经产母牛中，高酮血症与体温之间没有关联。本研究结果清楚地表明，奶牛的体温受多种参数影响。因此，在解释奶牛体温测量结果时必须考虑这些参数。这些信息有助于解释测量体温时I型和II型错误的高发生率，并清楚地说明体温测量结果不应作为决定是否对奶牛进行抗生素治疗的唯一标准。然而，仍然缺乏关于其他参数（如阴道分泌物）单独或与体温结合的基于研究的测试特征。
