Bussotti Maurizio, Di Marco Silvia, Marchese Giovanni
Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, Milan, Italy.
Open Access J Sports Med. 2014 Apr 2;5:47-63. doi: 10.2147/OAJSM.S57828. eCollection 2014.
Respiratory disorders are often a cause of morbidity in top level endurance athletes, more often compromising their performance and rarely being a cause of death. Pathophysiological events occurring during exercise, such as bronchospasm, are sometimes followed by clear pathological symptoms represented by asthma related to physical exertion or rarely by pulmonary edema induced by a strenuous effort. Both bronchospasm and the onset of interstitial edema induced by exercise cannot be considered pathological per se, but are more likely findings that occur in several healthy subjects once physical exhaustion during exertion has been reached. Consequently, we get a vision of the respiratory system perfectly tailored to meet the body's metabolic demands under normal conditions but which is limited when challenged by strenuous exercise, in particular when it happens in an unfavorable environment. As extreme physical effort may elicit a pathological response in healthy subjects, due to the exceeding demand in a perfectly functional system, an overview of the main tools both enabling the diagnosis of respiratory impairment in endurance athletes in a clinical and preclinical phase has also been described.
呼吸系统疾病常常是顶级耐力运动员发病的原因，更多时候会影响他们的表现，而很少导致死亡。运动过程中发生的病理生理事件，如支气管痉挛，有时会伴有由运动性哮喘表现出的明显病理症状，或很少见的由剧烈运动诱发的肺水肿。支气管痉挛和运动诱发的间质性水肿本身不能被视为病理性的，而更可能是在运动中达到体力耗尽时，在一些健康受试者身上出现的表现。因此，我们看到呼吸系统在正常情况下能完美地满足身体的代谢需求，但在受到剧烈运动挑战时，尤其是在不利环境中发生时，其功能会受到限制。由于极端的体力消耗可能会在健康受试者中引发病理反应，这是因为在一个功能完善的系统中需求过度，本文还描述了在临床和临床前阶段诊断耐力运动员呼吸功能损害的主要方法概述。
