Leigh David A, Lewandowska Urszula, Lewandowski Bartosz, Wilson Miriam R
School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK,
Top Curr Chem. 2014;354:111-38. doi: 10.1007/128_2014_546.
In biological systems, molecular motors have been developed to harness Brownian motion and perform specific tasks. Among the cytoskeletal motor proteins, kinesins ensure directional transport of cargoes to the periphery of the cell by taking discrete steps along microtubular tracks. In the past decade there has been an increasing interest in the development of molecules that mimic aspects of the dynamics of biological systems and can became a starting point for the creation of artificial transport systems.To date, both DNA-based and small-molecule walkers have been developed, each taking advantage of the different chemistries available to them. DNA strollers exploit orthogonal base pairing and utilize strand-displacement reactions to control the relative association of the component parts. Small-molecule walkers take advantage of the reversibility of weak noncovalent interactions as well as the robustness of dynamic covalent bonds in order to transport molecular fragments along surfaces and molecular tracks using both diffusional processes and ratchet mechanisms. Here we review both types of synthetic systems, including their designs, dynamics, and how they are being used to perform functions by controlled mechanical motion at the molecular level.
在生物系统中，分子马达已被开发用于利用布朗运动并执行特定任务。在细胞骨架运动蛋白中，驱动蛋白通过沿微管轨道采取离散步骤确保货物向细胞周边的定向运输。在过去十年中，人们对开发模拟生物系统动力学方面并可成为创建人工运输系统起点的分子越来越感兴趣。迄今为止，基于DNA的步行器和小分子步行器都已被开发出来，它们各自利用可用的不同化学性质。DNA步行器利用正交碱基配对并利用链置换反应来控制组成部分的相对关联。小分子步行器利用弱非共价相互作用的可逆性以及动态共价键的稳健性来沿着表面和分子轨道运输分子片段，同时使用扩散过程和棘轮机制。在这里，我们回顾这两种类型的合成系统，包括它们的设计、动力学以及它们如何通过分子水平的受控机械运动来执行功能。
