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二十二碳六烯酸与人类大脑发育:有证据表明,最佳发育需要膳食供应。

Docosahexaenoic acid and human brain development: evidence that a dietary supply is needed for optimal development.

作者信息

Brenna J Thomas, Carlson Susan E

机构信息

Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.

Departments of Dietetics and Nutrition and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.

出版信息

J Hum Evol. 2014 Dec;77:99-106. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.02.017. Epub 2014 Apr 26.

Abstract

Humans evolved a uniquely large brain among terrestrial mammals. Brain and nervous tissue is rich in the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Docosahexaenoic acid is required for lower and high order functions in humans because of understood and emerging molecular mechanisms. Among brain components that depend on dietary components, DHA is limiting because its synthesis from terrestrial plant food precursors is low but its utilization when consumed in diet is very efficient. Negligible DHA is found in terrestrial plants, but in contrast, DHA is plentiful at the shoreline where it is made by single-celled organisms and plants, and in the seas supports development of very large marine mammal brains. Modern human brains accumulate DHA up to age 18, most aggressively from about half-way through gestation to about two years of age. Studies in modern humans and non-human primates show that modern infants consuming infant formulas that include only DHA precursors have lower DHA levels than for those with a source of preformed DHA. Functional measures show that infants consuming preformed DHA have improved visual and cognitive function. Dietary preformed DHA in the breast milk of modern mothers supports many-fold greater breast milk DHA than is found in the breast milk of vegans, a phenomenon linked to consumption of shore-based foods. Most current evidence suggests that the DHA-rich human brain required an ample and sustained source of dietary DHA to reach its full potential.

摘要

在陆生哺乳动物中,人类进化出了特别大的大脑。大脑和神经组织富含ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)。由于已知和新出现的分子机制,二十二碳六烯酸对人类的低级和高级功能都是必需的。在依赖饮食成分的大脑组成部分中,DHA是有限的,因为从陆生植物食物前体合成DHA的量很低,但在饮食中摄入时其利用率非常高。在陆生植物中发现的DHA可以忽略不计,但相比之下,DHA在海岸线处很丰富,在那里它由单细胞生物和植物产生,并且在海洋中支持非常大型的海洋哺乳动物大脑的发育。现代人类大脑在18岁之前积累DHA,最活跃的时期是从孕期中期到大约两岁。对现代人类和非人类灵长类动物的研究表明,食用仅含有DHA前体的婴儿配方奶粉的现代婴儿的DHA水平低于那些有现成DHA来源的婴儿。功能测量表明,食用现成DHA的婴儿视觉和认知功能得到改善。现代母亲母乳中的膳食现成DHA所支持的母乳DHA含量比纯素食母亲母乳中的含量高出许多倍,这一现象与食用沿海食物有关。目前大多数证据表明,富含DHA的人类大脑需要充足且持续的膳食DHA来源才能充分发挥其潜力。

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