Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, Canada, L7R 4A6 E-mail:
Water Sci Technol. 2014;69(11):2221-9. doi: 10.2166/wst.2014.145.
Ninety-nine pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) were analyzed in influent, final effluent, and biosolids samples from a wastewater treatment plant employing a membrane bioreactor (MBR). High concentrations in influent were found for acetaminophen, caffeine, metformin, 2-hydroxy-ibuprofen, paraxanthine, ibuprofen, and naproxen (10(4)-10(5) ng/L). Final effluents contained clarithromycin, metformin, atenolol, carbamazepine, and trimethoprim (>500 ng/L) at the highest concentrations, while triclosan, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, triclocarban, metformin, caffeine, ofloxacin, and paraxanthine were found at high concentrations in biosolids (>10(3) ng/g dry weight). PPCP removals varied from -34% to >99% and 23 PPCPs had ≥90% removal. Of the studied PPCPs, 26 compounds have been rarely or never studied in previous membrane bioreactor (MBR) investigations. The removal pathway showed that acetaminophen, 2-hydroxy-ibuprofen, naproxen, ibuprofen, codeine, metformin, enalapril, atorvastatin, caffeine, paraxanthine, and cotinine exhibited high degradation/transformation. PPCPs showing strong sorption to solids included triclocarban, triclosan, miconazole, tetracycline, 4-epitetracycline, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, paroxetine, and ofloxacin. Trimethoprim, oxycodone, clarithromycin, thiabendazole, hydrochlorothiazide, erythromycin-H2O, carbamazepine, meprobamate, and propranolol were not removed during treatment, and clarithromycin was even formed during treatment. This investigation extended our understanding of the occurrence and fate of PPCPs in an MBR process through the analysis of the largest number of compounds in an MBR study to date.
从采用膜生物反应器（MBR）的污水处理厂的进水、出水和生物固体样品中分析了 99 种医药和个人护理产品（PPCPs）。进水样品中发现了高浓度的醋氨酚、咖啡因、二甲双胍、2-羟基布洛芬、可可碱、布洛芬和萘普生（10(4)-10(5)ng/L）。出水样品中浓度最高的是克拉霉素、二甲双胍、阿替洛尔、卡马西平、和甲氧苄啶（>500ng/L），而三氯生、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、三氯卡班、二甲双胍、咖啡因、氧氟沙星和可可碱在生物固体中浓度较高（>10(3)ng/g 干重）。PPCP 的去除率从-34%到>99%，有 23 种 PPCP 的去除率大于 90%。在所研究的 PPCPs 中，有 26 种化合物在以前的膜生物反应器（MBR）研究中很少或从未被研究过。去除途径表明，醋氨酚、2-羟基布洛芬、萘普生、布洛芬、可待因、二甲双胍、依那普利、阿托伐他汀、咖啡因、可可碱和可替宁表现出高降解/转化。对固体具有强烈吸附性的 PPCPs 包括三氯卡班、三氯生、咪康唑、四环素、4-表四环素、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、多西环素、帕罗西汀和氧氟沙星。三甲氧苄啶、羟考酮、克拉霉素、噻苯达唑、氢氯噻嗪、红霉素-H2O、卡马西平、甲丙氨酯和普萘洛尔在处理过程中没有被去除，甚至在处理过程中形成了克拉霉素。这项研究通过分析迄今为止 MBR 研究中数量最多的化合物，扩展了我们对 MBR 工艺中 PPCPs 的存在和归宿的理解。
