Corsi S R, Borchardt M A, Spencer S K, Hughes P E, Baldwin A K
U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Water Science Center, Middleton, WI 53562, United States.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2615 Yellowstone Dr., Marshfield, WI 54449, United States.
Sci Total Environ. 2014 Aug 15;490:849-60. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.072. Epub 2014 Jun 6.
To examine the occurrence, hydrologic variability, and seasonal variability of human and bovine viruses in surface water, three stream locations were monitored in the Milwaukee River watershed in Wisconsin, USA, from February 2007 through June 2008. Monitoring sites included an urban subwatershed, a rural subwatershed, and the Milwaukee River at the mouth. To collect samples that characterize variability throughout changing hydrologic periods, a process control system was developed for unattended, large-volume (56-2800 L) filtration over extended durations. This system provided flow-weighted mean concentrations during runoff and extended (24-h) low-flow periods. Human viruses and bovine viruses were detected by real-time qPCR in 49% and 41% of samples (n=63), respectively. All human viruses analyzed were detected at least once including adenovirus (40% of samples), GI norovirus (10%), enterovirus (8%), rotavirus (6%), GII norovirus (1.6%) and hepatitis A virus (1.6%). Three of seven bovine viruses analyzed were detected including bovine polyomavirus (32%), bovine rotavirus (19%), and bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (5%). Human viruses were present in 63% of runoff samples resulting from precipitation and snowmelt, and 20% of low-flow samples. Maximum human virus concentrations exceeded 300 genomic copies/L. Bovine viruses were present in 46% of runoff samples resulting from precipitation and snowmelt and 14% of low-flow samples. The maximum bovine virus concentration was 11 genomic copies/L. Statistical modeling indicated that stream flow, precipitation, and season explained the variability of human viruses in the watershed, and hydrologic condition (runoff event or low-flow) and season explained the variability of the sum of human and bovine viruses; however, no model was identified that could explain the variability of bovine viruses alone. Understanding the factors that affect virus fate and transport in rivers will aid watershed management for minimizing human exposure and disease transmission.
为了研究地表水人类病毒和牛病毒的发生情况、水文变异性和季节变异性，于2007年2月至2008年6月在美国威斯康星州密尔沃基河流域监测了三个溪流位置。监测地点包括一个城市子流域、一个农村子流域以及密尔沃基河河口。为了采集能够表征整个水文变化时期变异性的样本，开发了一种过程控制系统，用于在较长时间内无人值守地进行大体积（56 - 2800升）过滤。该系统提供了径流期间和延长的（24小时）低流量期间的流量加权平均浓度。通过实时定量聚合酶链反应（qPCR）分别在49%和41%的样本（n = 63）中检测到了人类病毒和牛病毒。所有分析的人类病毒至少被检测到一次，包括腺病毒（40%的样本）、GI型诺如病毒（10%）、肠道病毒（8%）、轮状病毒（6%）、GII型诺如病毒（1.6%）和甲型肝炎病毒（1.6%）。在分析的七种牛病毒中有三种被检测到，包括牛多瘤病毒（32%）、牛轮状病毒（19%）和1型牛病毒性腹泻病毒（5%）。人类病毒存在于63%的由降水和融雪产生的径流样本以及20%的低流量样本中。人类病毒的最大浓度超过300个基因组拷贝/升。牛病毒存在于46%的由降水和融雪产生的径流样本以及14%的低流量样本中。牛病毒的最大浓度为11个基因组拷贝/升。统计模型表明，溪流流量、降水量和季节解释了流域内人类病毒的变异性，水文状况（径流事件或低流量）和季节解释了人类和牛病毒总和的变异性；然而，未发现能够单独解释牛病毒变异性的模型。了解影响病毒在河流中归宿和迁移的因素将有助于流域管理，以尽量减少人类接触和疾病传播。
