Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 116st & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada; Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, 8440-112st, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J2, Canada.
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 116st & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada.
Water Res. 2019 Apr 15;153:349-356. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.01.034. Epub 2019 Feb 1.
The prevalence and seasonal variation of 7 viruses in 6 major rivers in Alberta were assessed using a combination of qPCR, cell culture and integrated cell culture with qPCR (ICC-qPCR). Water samples were collected monthly from rivers at different sites upstream and downstream of major urban centers. Seven viruses including rotavirus, adenovirus, astrovirus, norovirus, sapovirus, JC virus and enterovirus, were detected in at least one of the water samples at each site using qPCR. Rotavirus was most common with concentration ranging from 2.3 to 4.5 log genomic equivalent (GE) copies/L. Norovirus, sapovirus, astrovirus, adenoviruses and JC virus peaked during the winter (November to March). Viruses were most prevalent at the Bow River sampling site downstream of the City of Calgary, followed by the North Saskatchewan River site downstream of the City of Edmonton and the Red Deer River site downstream of the City of Red Deer. The detection rates and quantity of viruses had significant difference in the sampling sites between upstream and downstream of major urban centers (p < 0.001). 14% of the samples tested positive using viral culture indicating the presence of infectious viruses in river. Sequencing analysis identified human rotavirus in 75% of the samples collected from downstream versus 37% of the samples collected from upstream sites (p < 0.02). Multivariate binary regression showed that human activity in watersheds is a significant determinant of viruses in Alberta's Rivers. The discharge from wastewater treatment plants may be the possible sources of viral contamination. Seasonal coincidence of acute viral gastroenteritis outbreaks and monthly peak occurrence of enteric viruses in river water implies potential impact of waterborne viruses on human health.
采用 qPCR、细胞培养和整合细胞培养与 qPCR（ICC-qPCR）相结合的方法，评估了艾伯塔省 6 条主要河流中 7 种病毒的流行情况和季节性变化。每月从主要城市中心上下游不同地点的河流中采集水样。使用 qPCR 在至少一个水样中检测到 7 种病毒，包括轮状病毒、腺病毒、星状病毒、诺如病毒、肠型杯状病毒、JC 病毒和肠道病毒。轮状病毒最常见，浓度范围为 2.3 至 4.5 对数基因组等效（GE）拷贝/L。诺如病毒、肠型杯状病毒、星状病毒、腺病毒和 JC 病毒在冬季（11 月至 3 月）达到高峰。病毒在卡尔加里市下游的鲍河采样点最为常见，其次是埃德蒙顿市下游的北萨斯喀彻温河采样点和红鹿市下游的红鹿河采样点。在主要城市中心上下游的采样点，病毒的检出率和数量存在显著差异（p<0.001）。14%的样本经病毒培养呈阳性，表明河水中存在有感染性病毒。测序分析显示，从下游采集的样本中有 75%检测到人类轮状病毒，而从上游采集的样本中有 37%（p<0.02）。多元二项回归显示，流域内的人类活动是艾伯塔省河流中病毒的重要决定因素。污水处理厂的排放可能是病毒污染的可能来源。急性病毒性胃肠炎暴发的季节性巧合和肠道病毒在河水中每月高峰的出现，暗示了水中病毒对人类健康的潜在影响。
