1] Johns Hopkins University, Department of Biology, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA. [2] Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
Johns Hopkins University, Department of Biology, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA.
Nat Rev Neurosci. 2014 Jul;15(7):443-54. doi: 10.1038/nrn3743. Epub 2014 Jun 11.
Light has profoundly influenced the evolution of life on earth. As widely appreciated, light enables us to generate images of our environment. However, light - through intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) - also influences behaviours that are essential for our health and quality of life but are independent of image formation. These include the synchronization of the circadian clock to the solar day, tracking of seasonal changes and the regulation of sleep. Irregular light environments lead to problems in circadian rhythms and sleep, which eventually cause mood and learning deficits. Recently, it was found that irregular light can also directly affect mood and learning without producing major disruptions in circadian rhythms and sleep. In this Review, we discuss the indirect and direct influence of light on mood and learning, and provide a model for how light, the circadian clock and sleep interact to influence mood and cognitive functions.
光对地球上生命的进化产生了深远的影响。众所周知，光使我们能够生成环境的图像。然而，光——通过内在感光视网膜神经节细胞（ipRGCs）——也会影响对我们的健康和生活质量至关重要的行为，但这些行为与图像形成无关。这些行为包括将生物钟与太阳日同步、跟踪季节变化和调节睡眠。不规则的光照环境会导致昼夜节律和睡眠出现问题，最终导致情绪和学习障碍。最近发现，不规则的光也可以直接影响情绪和学习，而不会对昼夜节律和睡眠造成重大干扰。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了光对情绪和学习的间接和直接影响，并提供了一个模型，说明光、生物钟和睡眠如何相互作用来影响情绪和认知功能。
