West J, Lawlor D A, Fairley L, Wright J
Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford UK Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
BMJ Open. 2014 Jun 19;4(6):e004805. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-004805.
To examine differences between Pakistani and White British women in relation to socioeconomic position, lifestyle and health-related pregnancy characteristics, and to determine whether these differences vary depending on the woman's, her partner's and both of their parents' place of birth.
Prospective cohort study.
Bradford, UK PARTICIPANTS: 3656 Pakistani and 3503 White British women recruited to the Born in Bradford study.
Socioeconomic position (employment status; level of education; receipt of benefits; housing tenure), lifestyle characteristics (body mass index (BMI) at the start of pregnancy; smoking during pregnancy) and health-related pregnancy characteristics (hypertensive disorders of pregnancy; gestational diabetes; fasting glucose, postload glucose and fasting insulin at ∼27 weeks gestation).
Fewer Pakistani women were employed (OR 0.17, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.19), the difference being markedly less for UK born women. UK born Pakistani women were more likely, and South Asian born less likely, to be educated post 16 than White British women. Smoking was uncommon among Pakistani women, though the difference comparing UK born Pakistani women to White British women was less than for other groups. BMI was lower among Pakistani compared to White British women (adjusted mean difference -1.12, 95% CI -1.43 to -0.81), the difference being greatest when partners were UK born irrespective of the woman's place of birth. Pakistani women had higher fasting and postload glucose (mean difference 0.20 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.24; 0.37, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.45), higher fasting insulin and were more likely to have gestational diabetes (GDM).
Our results suggest that some socioeconomic, lifestyle and pregnancy characteristics could be beginning to change in response to migration to the UK, with generally beneficial changes, that is, improving education and employment prospects, lower BMI and no evidence that being UK born has further increased the risk of GDM, but some negative, that is, slight increases in smoking.
研究巴基斯坦裔女性与英国白人女性在社会经济地位、生活方式及与健康相关的妊娠特征方面的差异，并确定这些差异是否因女性本人、其伴侣以及双方父母的出生地不同而有所变化。
前瞻性队列研究。
英国布拉德福德
招募自“布拉德福德出生”研究的3656名巴基斯坦裔女性和3503名英国白人女性。
社会经济地位（就业状况、教育水平、福利领取情况、住房保有形式）、生活方式特征（妊娠开始时的体重指数（BMI）、孕期吸烟情况）以及与健康相关的妊娠特征（妊娠高血压疾病、妊娠期糖尿病、孕27周左右的空腹血糖、负荷后血糖和空腹胰岛素）。
就业的巴基斯坦裔女性较少（比值比0.17，95%置信区间0.15至0.19），在英国出生的女性中这种差异明显较小。与英国白人女性相比，在英国出生的巴基斯坦裔女性接受16岁后教育的可能性更大，而南亚出生的则较小。吸烟在巴基斯坦裔女性中并不常见，不过与英国出生的巴基斯坦裔女性和英国白人女性相比，这种差异小于其他群体。与英国白人女性相比，巴基斯坦裔女性的BMI较低（校正平均差值-1.12，95%置信区间-1.43至-0.81），当伴侣为英国出生时，无论女性的出生地如何，这种差异最大。巴基斯坦裔女性的空腹血糖和负荷后血糖较高（平均差值0.20 mmol/L，95%置信区间0.17至0.24；0.37，95%置信区间0.28至0.45），空腹胰岛素较高，且更有可能患妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）。
我们的研究结果表明，一些社会经济、生活方式和妊娠特征可能因移民到英国而开始发生变化，总体上是有益的变化，即教育和就业前景改善、BMI降低，且没有证据表明在英国出生会进一步增加患妊娠期糖尿病的风险，但也有一些负面变化，即吸烟略有增加。
