Sharp C, Randhawa G
Institute for Health Research, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, Bedfordshire, UK.
Institute for Health Research, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, Bedfordshire, UK.
Transplant Rev (Orlando). 2014 Oct;28(4):163-8. doi: 10.1016/j.trre.2014.05.001. Epub 2014 May 27.
Living and deceased organ donation are couched in altruism and gift discourse and this article reviews explores cultural views towards these concepts. Altruism and egoism theories and gift and reciprocity theories are outlined from a social exchange theory perspective to highlight the key differences between altruism and the gift and the wider implications of reciprocation. The notion of altruism as a selfless act without expectation or want for repayment juxtaposed with the Maussian gift where there are the obligations to give, receive and reciprocate. Lay perspectives of altruism and the gift in organ donation are outlined and illustrate that there are differences in motivations to donate in different programmes of living donation and for families who decide to donate their relative's organs. These motivations reflect cultural views of altruism and the gift and perceptions of the body and death.
活体和已故器官捐赠都基于利他主义和礼物话语，本文回顾并探讨了对这些概念的文化观点。从社会交换理论的角度概述了利他主义和利己主义理论以及礼物和互惠理论，以突出利他主义与礼物之间的关键差异以及互惠的更广泛影响。利他主义被视为一种无私的行为，不期望或不要求回报，这与莫斯的礼物概念形成对比，在莫斯的礼物概念中，存在给予、接受和回报的义务。概述了器官捐赠中利他主义和礼物的外行观点，表明在不同的活体捐赠项目中以及对于决定捐赠其亲属器官的家庭，捐赠动机存在差异。这些动机反映了利他主义和礼物的文化观点以及对身体和死亡的认知。
