Richmond D R, Yelverton J T, Fletcher E R, Phillips Y Y
Division of Life Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico.
Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl. 1989 May;140:35-41. doi: 10.1177/00034894890980s507.
Eardrum (tympanic membrane) rupture in humans and animals in relation to various blast pressure-time patterns was reviewed. There were few systematic studies on eardrum rupture as a consequence of blast overpressure. Most reports did not describe the area of the eardrum destroyed. The peak overpressures required to produce a 50% incidence of eardrum rupture (P50) were summarized. Most of the animal data pertained to dogs. The highest P50 for dogs, 296 kPa, was associated with smooth-rising overpressure. For complex wave patterns occurring inside open shelters subjected to nuclear blasts, the P50 was 205 kPa. For fast-rising blasts in a shock tube it was 78 kPa, and 105 kPa for statically applied pressures. The duration of the overpressure was not a factor unless it was very short. The influence of the orientation of the head to the oncoming blast was demonstrated. An ear facing the blast may receive reflected overpressures several times that for one side-on to the blast. An ear on the downstream side of the head was exposed to about the same overpressure as the side-on ear. A P50 for humans of 100 kPa and a threshold of 35 kPa has been used widely in blast criteria. A recent study suggests a threshold (P1) of about 20 kPa, and gives the overpressures required to produce minor, moderate, and major eardrum ruptures. These data were presented in the form of curves showing the overpressures as a function of duration required to inflict a P1 and a P50 of eardrum rupture of the three levels of severity.
综述了人类和动物鼓膜破裂与各种爆炸压力-时间模式的关系。关于爆炸超压导致的鼓膜破裂，系统研究较少。大多数报告未描述鼓膜受损面积。总结了导致50%鼓膜破裂发生率（P50）所需的峰值超压。大多数动物数据涉及狗。狗的最高P50为296 kPa，与超压平稳上升有关。对于遭受核爆炸的露天掩体内出现的复杂波形，P50为205 kPa。在激波管中快速上升的爆炸中，P50为78 kPa，静态施加压力时为105 kPa。超压持续时间除非非常短，否则不是一个影响因素。证明了头部朝向迎面而来爆炸的方向的影响。面对爆炸的耳朵可能接收到的反射超压是侧面朝向爆炸的耳朵的几倍。头部下游侧的耳朵所承受的超压与侧面朝向爆炸的耳朵大致相同。人类的P50为100 kPa，阈值为35 kPa，已在爆炸标准中广泛使用。最近的一项研究表明阈值（P1）约为20 kPa，并给出了导致鼓膜轻微、中度和重度破裂所需的超压。这些数据以曲线形式呈现，显示了超压作为造成三种严重程度的鼓膜破裂P1和P50所需持续时间的函数。
