Zare-Bidaki Mohammad, Tsukiyama-Kohara Kyoko, Arababadi Mohammad Kazemi
1 Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences , Rafsanjan, Iran .
Viral Immunol. 2014 Sep;27(7):321-6. doi: 10.1089/vim.2014.0039. Epub 2014 Jul 11.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection mainly causes liver disease, including inflammation, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It has been documented that prolonged hepatitis B-infected patients are unable to clear HBV from hepatocytes completely. Previous investigations have suggested that various genetic and immunologic parameters may be responsible for the induction of prolonged infection forms. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), as members of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), play critical roles in the recognition of viruses and the induction of appropriate immune responses. Thus, TLRs may be considered as essential sensors for the recognition of HBV and the induction of immune responses against this virus. It has been documented that TLR4 plays key roles in the detection of several microbial pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules, including bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as well as endogenous ligands (damage-associated molecular pattern molecules) and subsequently activates pro-inflammatory transcription factors in either MYD88 or TRIF dependent pathways. Previous investigations have proposed that TLR4 might be involved in appropriate immune responses against HBV. Therefore, the aim of this review is to present the recent data regarding the important roles of TLR4 in HBV recognition and regulation of immune responses against this virus, and also its roles in the pathogenesis of cirrhosis and HCC as complications of prolonged hepatitis B infections.
乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染主要导致肝脏疾病，包括炎症、肝硬化和肝细胞癌（HCC）。有文献记载，长期感染乙肝的患者无法完全从肝细胞中清除HBV。先前的研究表明，各种遗传和免疫参数可能是导致长期感染形式的原因。Toll样受体（TLRs）作为模式识别受体（PRRs）的成员，在识别病毒和诱导适当的免疫反应中起关键作用。因此，TLRs可被视为识别HBV和诱导针对该病毒的免疫反应的重要传感器。有文献记载，TLR4在检测几种微生物病原体相关分子模式分子（包括细菌脂多糖（LPS））以及内源性配体（损伤相关分子模式分子）中起关键作用，并随后在MYD88或TRIF依赖途径中激活促炎转录因子。先前的研究提出，TLR4可能参与针对HBV的适当免疫反应。因此，本综述的目的是介绍有关TLR4在HBV识别和针对该病毒的免疫反应调节中的重要作用的最新数据，以及其在作为慢性乙型肝炎感染并发症的肝硬化和HCC发病机制中的作用。
