日常环境中射频电磁场（RF-EMF）暴露的时间趋势：欧洲城市研究。

Temporal trends of radio-frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure in everyday environments across European cities.

机构信息

Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/iMinds, Gaston Crommenlaan 8, B-9050 Ghent, Belgium.

Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/iMinds, Gaston Crommenlaan 8, B-9050 Ghent, Belgium.

出版信息

Environ Res. 2014 Oct;134:134-42. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.07.003. Epub 2014 Aug 13.

DOI:10.1016/j.envres.2014.07.003

PMID:25127524

Abstract

BACKGROUND

The rapid development and increased use of wireless telecommunication technologies led to a substantial change of radio-frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure in the general population but little is known about temporal trends of RF-EMF in our everyday environment.

OBJECTIVES

The objective of our study is to evaluate temporal trends of RF-EMF exposure levels in different microenvironments of three European cities using a common measurement protocol.

METHODS

We performed measurements in the cities of Basel (Switzerland), Ghent and Brussels (Belgium) during one year, between April 2011 and March 2012. RF-EMF exposure in 11 different frequency bands ranging from FM (Frequency Modulation, 88 MHz) to WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network, 2.5 GHz) was quantified with portable measurement devices (exposimeters) in various microenvironments: outdoor areas (residential areas, downtown and suburb), public transports (train, bus and tram or metro rides) and indoor places (airport, railway station and shopping centers). Measurements were collected every 4s during 10-50 min per environment and measurement day. Linear temporal trends were analyzed by mixed linear regression models.

RESULTS

Highest total RF-EMF exposure levels occurred in public transports (all public transports combined) with arithmetic mean values of 0.84 V/m in Brussels, 0.72 V/m in Ghent, and 0.59 V/m in Basel. In all outdoor areas combined, mean exposure levels were 0.41 V/m in Brussels, 0.31 V/m in Ghent and 0.26 V/m in Basel. Within one year, total RF-EMF exposure levels in all outdoor areas in combination increased by 57.1% (p<0.001) in Basel by 20.1% in Ghent (p=0.053) and by 38.2% (p=0.012) in Brussels. Exposure increase was most consistently observed in outdoor areas due to emissions from mobile phone base stations. In public transports RF-EMF levels tended also to increase but mostly without statistical significance.

DISCUSSION

An increase of RF-EMF exposure levels has been observed between April 2011 and March 2012 in various microenvironments of three European cities. Nevertheless, exposure levels were still far below regulatory limits of each country. A continuous monitoring is needed to identify high exposure areas and to anticipate critical development of RF-EMF exposure at public places.

摘要

背景

无线电信技术的快速发展和广泛应用导致人群中射频电磁场（RF-EMF）暴露发生了实质性变化，但我们日常生活环境中 RF-EMF 的时间趋势仍知之甚少。

目的

本研究旨在使用共同的测量方案评估三个欧洲城市不同微环境中 RF-EMF 暴露水平的时间趋势。

方法

我们于 2011 年 4 月至 2012 年 3 月在瑞士巴塞尔、比利时根特和布鲁塞尔进行了为期一年的测量。使用便携式测量设备（暴露计）在不同的微环境中量化了 11 个不同频率范围内的 RF-EMF 暴露情况，从调频（88 MHz）到无线局域网（2.5 GHz）。在各种微环境中进行了测量：室外区域（居民区、市中心和郊区）、公共交通工具（火车、公共汽车和电车或地铁乘车）和室内场所（机场、火车站和购物中心）。每个环境和测量日采集 10-50 分钟，每 4 秒采集一次数据。通过混合线性回归模型分析线性时间趋势。

结果

公共交通工具中的总 RF-EMF 暴露水平最高（所有公共交通工具），布鲁塞尔、根特和巴塞尔的算术平均值分别为 0.84 V/m、0.72 V/m 和 0.59 V/m。所有室外区域的平均暴露水平分别为 0.41 V/m、0.31 V/m 和 0.26 V/m。在一年中，所有室外区域的总 RF-EMF 暴露水平在巴塞尔增加了 57.1%（p<0.001），在根特增加了 20.1%（p=0.053），在布鲁塞尔增加了 38.2%（p=0.012）。由于移动电话基站的辐射，在室外区域观察到的暴露增加最为一致。在公共交通工具中，RF-EMF 水平也有上升趋势，但大多没有统计学意义。