Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; University of Cape Town, Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; University of Wollongong, School of Psychology, Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research, Population Health Research on Electromagnetic Energy, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia; University of California, Fielding School of Public Health, Center for Occupational & Environmental Health, 650 Charles E. Young Dr S, Los Angeles, CA 90095-177220, USA.
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland.
Environ Int. 2018 May;114:297-306. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.02.036. Epub 2018 Mar 9.
The aim of this study was to quantify RF-EMF exposure applying a tested protocol of RF-EMF exposure measurements using portable devices with a high sampling rate in different microenvironments of Switzerland, Ethiopia, Nepal, South Africa, Australia and the United States of America.
We used portable measurement devices for assessing RF-EMF exposure in 94 outdoor microenvironments and 18 public transport vehicles. The measurements were taken either by walking with a backpack with the devices at the height of the head and a distance of 20-30 cm from the body, or driving a car with the devices mounted on its roof, which was 170-180 cm above the ground. The measurements were taken for about 30 min while walking and about 15-20 min while driving in each microenvironment, with a sampling rate of once every 4 s (ExpoM-RF) and 5 s (EME Spy 201).
Mean total RF-EMF exposure in various outdoor microenvironments varied between 0.23 V/m (non-central residential area in Switzerland) and 1.85 V/m (university area in Australia), and across modes of public transport between 0.32 V/m (bus in rural area in Switzerland) and 0.86 V/m (Auto rickshaw in urban area in Nepal). For most outdoor areas the major exposure contribution was from mobile phone base stations. Otherwise broadcasting was dominant. Uplink from mobile phone handsets was generally very small, except in Swiss trains and some Swiss buses.
This study demonstrates high RF-EMF variability between the 94 selected microenvironments from all over the world. Exposure levels tended to increase with increasing urbanity. In most microenvironments downlink from mobile phone base stations is the most relevant contributor.
本研究旨在量化射频电磁辐射暴露，使用具有高采样率的便携式设备在瑞士、埃塞俄比亚、尼泊尔、南非、澳大利亚和美国的不同微环境中应用经过测试的射频电磁辐射暴露测量协议。
我们使用便携式测量设备评估 94 个室外微环境和 18 辆公共交通工具中的射频电磁辐射暴露。测量是在步行时进行的，将设备放在背包中，位于头部高度，距离身体 20-30 厘米，或者在驾驶汽车时将设备安装在车顶上，距离地面 170-180 厘米。在每个微环境中，步行时测量约 30 分钟，开车时测量约 15-20 分钟，采样率为每 4 秒（ExpoM-RF）和 5 秒（EME Spy 201）一次。
在不同的室外微环境中，总射频电磁辐射暴露的平均值在 0.23V/m（瑞士非中心住宅区）和 1.85V/m（澳大利亚大学区）之间变化，在不同的公共交通工具模式中在 0.32V/m（瑞士农村地区的公共汽车）和 0.86V/m（尼泊尔城市地区的人力车）之间变化。对于大多数室外区域，主要的暴露贡献来自移动电话基站。否则，广播占主导地位。来自移动电话手机的上行链路通常非常小，除了在瑞士火车和一些瑞士公共汽车上。
本研究表明，来自世界各地的 94 个选定微环境之间的射频电磁辐射暴露具有高度的可变性。暴露水平往往随着城市化程度的提高而增加。在大多数微环境中，来自移动电话基站的下行链路是最相关的贡献者。
