Cirillo P M, Cohn B A, Krigbaum N Y, Lee M, Brazil C, Factor-Litvak P
1Child Health and Development Studies, Public Health Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA.
2Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2011 Dec;2(6):375-86. doi: 10.1017/S2040174411000584.
Fetal exposure to caffeine is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Animal and human studies suggest that caffeine may have effects on the developing reproductive system. Here we report on mothers' smoking, coffee and alcohol use, recorded during pregnancy, and semen quality in sons in the age group of 38-47 years. Subjects were a subset of the Child Health and Development Studies, a pregnancy cohort enrolled between 1959 and 1967 in the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan near Oakland, California. In 2005, adult sons participated in a follow-up study (n = 338) and semen samples were donated by 196 participants. Samples were analyzed for sperm concentration, motility and morphology according to the National Cooperative Reproductive Medicine Network (Fertile Male Study) Protocol. Mean sperm concentration was reduced by approximately 16 million sperms for sons with high prenatal exposure (5 cups of maternal coffee use per day) compared with unexposed sons (P-value for decreasing trend = 0.09), which translates to a proportionate reduction of 25%. Mean percent motile sperm decreased by approximately 7 points (P-value = 0.04), a proportionate decline of 13%, and mean percent sperm with normal morphology decreased by approximately 2 points (P-value = 0.01), a proportionate decline of 25%. Maternal cigarette and alcohol use were not associated with son's semen quality. Adjusting for son's contemporary coffee, alcohol and cigarette use did not explain the maternal associations. Findings for son's coffee intake and father's prenatal coffee, cigarette and alcohol use were non-significant and inconclusive. These results contribute to the evidence that maternal coffee use during pregnancy may impair the reproductive development of the male fetus.
胎儿接触咖啡因与不良妊娠结局有关。动物和人体研究表明，咖啡因可能会对发育中的生殖系统产生影响。在此，我们报告了在孕期记录的母亲吸烟、喝咖啡和饮酒情况，以及38至47岁儿子的精液质量。研究对象是儿童健康与发育研究的一个子集，该孕期队列于1959年至1967年在加利福尼亚州奥克兰附近的凯撒基金会健康计划中招募。2005年，成年儿子参与了一项随访研究（n = 338），196名参与者捐献了精液样本。根据国家合作生殖医学网络（可育男性研究）方案对样本进行精子浓度、活力和形态分析。与未接触咖啡因的儿子相比，孕期高暴露（母亲每天饮用5杯咖啡）的儿子平均精子浓度降低了约1600万个精子（下降趋势的P值 = 0.09），这相当于成比例降低了25%。活动精子的平均百分比下降了约7个百分点（P值 = 0.04），成比例下降13%，形态正常的精子平均百分比下降了约2个百分点（P值 = 0.01），成比例下降25%。母亲吸烟和饮酒与儿子的精液质量无关。对儿子同时期的咖啡、酒精和香烟使用情况进行调整并不能解释与母亲相关的关联。关于儿子咖啡摄入量以及父亲孕期咖啡、香烟和酒精使用情况的研究结果无统计学意义且尚无定论。这些结果为孕期母亲饮用咖啡可能损害男性胎儿生殖发育的证据提供了补充。
