Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2014 Nov;69(6):826-36. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbu109. Epub 2014 Sep 10.
We investigated (a) cross-sectional associations between cognitive activity, cognitive performance, and MRI measures and (b) longitudinal associations between cognitive activity and change in cognitive performance, using structural equation modeling (SEM).
Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS) Extension participants who continued annual neuropsychological assessments by telephone and completed a concurrent questionnaire of cognitive activities and MRI scans were included (mean age = 81.4 years; N = 393). Cognitive performance was measured by tests of attention, working memory, verbal fluency, executive function, and memory. Cognitive activity was measured by self-reported participation in a variety of cognitive activities (e.g., reading books, playing games, computer activities; N = 11 items) during the previous 12 months. MRI measures included gray and white matter normal and white matter lesion volumes.
SEM demonstrated a significant association between cognitive activity and baseline cognitive performance but not change over 2-3 years. Gray and white matter was associated with cognitive performance but not cognitive activity. All effects remained significant after modeling covariates (age, education, depressive symptoms, WHIMS intervention assignment, and intracranial volume).
Cognitive activity benefits current cognitive performance but is not associated with change over 2-3 years. Cognitive activity and MRI volumes are independently associated with cognitive performance, suggesting distinct cognitive and brain reserve constructs.
我们使用结构方程模型（SEM）研究了认知活动、认知表现与 MRI 测量值之间的横断面关联，以及认知活动与认知表现变化之间的纵向关联。
纳入了参加妇女健康倡议记忆研究（WHIMS）扩展研究且持续通过电话接受年度神经心理学评估并完成认知活动和 MRI 扫描同期问卷调查的参与者（平均年龄=81.4 岁；N=393）。认知表现通过注意力、工作记忆、言语流畅性、执行功能和记忆测试进行测量。认知活动通过自我报告的过去 12 个月内参与各种认知活动（例如阅读书籍、玩游戏、计算机活动；N=11 项）进行测量。MRI 测量值包括灰质和白质正常和白质病变体积。
SEM 显示，认知活动与基线认知表现之间存在显著关联，但与 2-3 年内的变化无关。灰质和白质与认知表现相关，但与认知活动无关。在对协变量（年龄、教育、抑郁症状、WHIMS 干预分配和颅内体积）进行建模后，所有影响仍然显著。
认知活动有益于当前的认知表现，但与 2-3 年内的变化无关。认知活动和 MRI 体积与认知表现独立相关，这表明存在不同的认知和大脑储备结构。
