生命体征：美国学龄儿童的钠摄入量-2009-2010 年。
Vital signs: sodium intake among U.S. school-aged children - 2009-2010.
出版信息
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014 Sep 12;63(36):789-97.
BACKGROUND
A national health objective is to reduce average U.S. sodium intake to 2,300 mg daily to help prevent high blood pressure, a major cause of heart disease and stroke. Identifying common contributors to sodium intake among children can help reduction efforts.
METHODS
Average sodium intake, sodium consumed per calorie, and proportions of sodium from food categories, place obtained, and eating occasion were estimated among 2,266 school-aged (6–18 years) participants in What We Eat in America, the dietary intake component of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2009–2010.
RESULTS
U.S. school-aged children consumed an estimated 3,279 mg of sodium daily with the highest total intake (3,672 mg/d) and intake per 1,000 kcal (1,681 mg) among high school–aged children. Forty-three percent of sodium came from 10 food categories: pizza, bread and rolls, cold cuts/cured meats, savory snacks, sandwiches, cheese, chicken patties/nuggets/tenders, pasta mixed dishes, Mexican mixed dishes, and soups. Sixty-five percent of sodium intake came from store foods, 13% from fast food/pizza restaurants, 5% from other restaurants, and 9% from school cafeteria foods. Among children aged 14–18 years, 16% of total sodium intake came from fast food/pizza restaurants versus 11% among those aged 6–10 years or 11–13 years (p<0.05). Among children who consumed a school meal on the day assessed, 26% of sodium intake came from school cafeteria foods. Thirty-nine percent of sodium was consumed at dinner, followed by lunch (29%), snacks (16%), and breakfast (15%).
IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE
Sodium intake among school-aged children is much higher than recommended. Multiple food categories, venues, meals, and snacks contribute to sodium intake among school-aged children supporting the importance of populationwide strategies to reduce sodium intake. New national nutrition standards are projected to reduce the sodium content of school meals by approximately 25%–50% by 2022. Based on this analysis, if there is no replacement from other sources, sodium intake among U.S. school-aged children will be reduced by an average of about 75–150 mg per day and about 220–440 mg on days children consume school meals.
背景
美国的一项健康目标是将美国人的平均钠摄入量减少到每天 2300 毫克，以帮助预防高血压，这是心脏病和中风的主要原因。确定儿童钠摄入量的常见因素有助于减少摄入量。
方法
在 2009-2010 年全国健康和营养检查调查的饮食摄入部分“我们吃什么”中，对 2266 名学龄儿童（6-18 岁）的平均钠摄入量、每卡路里摄入的钠量以及来自食物类别、来源地和就餐场合的钠比例进行了估计。
结果
美国学龄儿童每天摄入的钠估计为 3279 毫克，其中高中生的总摄入量（3672 毫克/天）和每 1000 卡路里的摄入量（1681 毫克）最高。43%的钠来自 10 种食物类别：披萨、面包和卷、冷切/腌制肉、咸味小吃、三明治、奶酪、鸡肉馅饼/鸡块/嫩肉、意大利面混合菜、墨西哥混合菜和汤。65%的钠摄入量来自商店食品，13%来自快餐/披萨餐厅，5%来自其他餐厅，9%来自学校自助餐厅食品。在 14-18 岁的儿童中，16%的总钠摄入量来自快餐/披萨餐厅，而 6-10 岁或 11-13 岁的儿童中这一比例为 11%（p<0.05）。在当天食用学校餐的儿童中，26%的钠摄入量来自学校自助餐厅的食物。39%的钠在晚餐时摄入，其次是午餐（29%）、零食（16%）和早餐（15%）。
对公共卫生实践的启示
学龄儿童的钠摄入量远高于建议量。多种食物类别、场所、餐次和零食都导致了学龄儿童的钠摄入量，这支持了采取全人群策略来减少钠摄入量的重要性。新的国家营养标准预计到 2022 年将使学校餐的钠含量减少约 25%-50%。根据这项分析，如果没有其他来源的替代，美国学龄儿童的钠摄入量平均每天将减少约 75-150 毫克，在食用学校餐的日子里将减少 220-440 毫克。
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