Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 320314, Taiwan.
Department of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung University, Pingtung 900391, Taiwan.
Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Sep 4;22(17):9591. doi: 10.3390/ijms22179591.
In this paper, we review the effects of large-scale neonicotinoid contaminations in the aquatic environment on non-target aquatic invertebrate and vertebrate species. These aquatic species are the fauna widely exposed to environmental changes and chemical accumulation in bodies of water. Neonicotinoids are insecticides that target the nicotinic type acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the central nervous systems (CNS) and are considered selective neurotoxins for insects. However, studies on their physiologic impacts and interactions with non-target species are limited. In researches dedicated to exploring physiologic and toxic outcomes of neonicotinoids, studies relating to the effects on vertebrate species represent a minority case compared to invertebrate species. For aquatic species, the known effects of neonicotinoids are described in the level of organismal, behavioral, genetic and physiologic toxicities. Toxicological studies were reported based on the environment of bodies of water, temperature, salinity and several other factors. There exists a knowledge gap on the relationship between toxicity outcomes to regulatory risk valuation. It has been a general observation among studies that neonicotinoid insecticides demonstrate significant toxicity to an extensive variety of invertebrates. Comprehensive analysis of data points to a generalization that field-realistic and laboratory exposures could result in different or non-comparable results in some cases. Aquatic invertebrates perform important roles in balancing a healthy ecosystem, thus rapid screening strategies are necessary to verify physiologic and toxicological impacts. So far, much of the studies describing field tests on non-target species are inadequate and in many cases, obsolete. Considering the current literature, this review addresses important information gaps relating to the impacts of neonicotinoids on the environment and spring forward policies, avoiding adverse biological and ecological effects on a range of non-target aquatic species which might further impair the whole of the aquatic ecological web.
本文综述了大规模新烟碱类污染物对水生无脊椎动物和脊椎动物非目标物种的影响。这些水生物种是广泛暴露于环境变化和水体中化学物质积累的动物群。新烟碱类杀虫剂是一类作用于中枢神经系统（CNS）烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体（nAChRs）的杀虫剂，被认为是对昆虫具有选择性的神经毒素。然而，关于其生理影响及其与非目标物种相互作用的研究有限。在专门研究新烟碱类杀虫剂生理影响和交互作用的研究中，与脊椎动物物种相关的研究与无脊椎动物物种相比是少数情况。对于水生物种，已知新烟碱类对生物体、行为、遗传和生理毒性的影响。毒理学研究是基于水体环境、温度、盐度和其他一些因素进行的。关于毒性结果与监管风险评估之间的关系存在知识差距。研究普遍观察到，新烟碱类杀虫剂对广泛的无脊椎动物具有显著毒性。对数据的综合分析表明，在某些情况下，现场现实暴露和实验室暴露可能导致不同或不可比较的结果。水生无脊椎动物在平衡健康生态系统方面发挥着重要作用，因此需要快速筛选策略来验证生理和毒理影响。到目前为止，描述非目标物种现场测试的大部分研究都不够充分，在许多情况下已经过时。考虑到当前的文献，本综述解决了与新烟碱类对环境的影响以及相关政策相关的重要信息差距问题，避免了对一系列非目标水生物种的不利生物和生态影响，这些影响可能进一步损害整个水生生态网络。
