Nezakati Toktam, Cousins Brian G, Seifalian Alexander M
UCL Centre for Nanotechnology and Regeneration Medicine, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK,
Arch Toxicol. 2014 Nov;88(11):1987-2012. doi: 10.1007/s00204-014-1361-0. Epub 2014 Sep 19.
This review article aims to provide an overview of chemically modified graphene, and graphene oxide (GO), and their impact on toxicology when present in biological systems. Graphene is one of the most promising nanomaterials due to unique physicochemical properties including enhanced optical, thermal, and electrically conductive behavior in addition to mechanical strength and high surface-to-volume ratio. Graphene-based nanomaterials have received much attention over the last 5 years in the biomedical field ranging from their use as polymeric conduits for nerve regeneration, carriers for targeted drug delivery and in the treatment of cancer via photo-thermal therapy. Both in vitro and in vivo biological studies of graphene-based nanomaterials help understand their relative toxicity and biocompatibility when used for biomedical applications. Several studies investigating important material properties such as surface charge, concentration, shape, size, structural defects, and chemical functional groups relate to their safety profile and influence cyto- and geno-toxicology. In this review, we highlight the most recent studies of graphene-based nanomaterials and outline their unique properties, which determine their interactions under a range of environmental conditions. The advent of graphene technology has led to many promising new opportunities for future applications in the field of electronics, biotechnology, and nanomedicine to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of a variety of debilitating diseases.
这篇综述文章旨在概述化学修饰的石墨烯和氧化石墨烯（GO），以及它们在生物系统中存在时对毒理学的影响。石墨烯是最有前途的纳米材料之一，因其具有独特的物理化学性质，包括增强的光学、热学和导电性能，以及机械强度和高比表面积。在过去5年里，基于石墨烯的纳米材料在生物医学领域备受关注，其应用范围涵盖用作神经再生的聚合物导管、靶向药物递送的载体以及通过光热疗法治疗癌症。基于石墨烯的纳米材料的体外和体内生物学研究有助于了解其在生物医学应用中的相对毒性和生物相容性。几项研究调查了诸如表面电荷、浓度、形状、尺寸、结构缺陷和化学官能团等重要材料特性与它们的安全性概况以及对细胞毒性和基因毒性的影响之间的关系。在这篇综述中，我们重点介绍了基于石墨烯的纳米材料的最新研究，并概述了它们的独特性质，这些性质决定了它们在一系列环境条件下的相互作用。石墨烯技术的出现为电子、生物技术和纳米医学领域的未来应用带来了许多有前景的新机会，有助于诊断和治疗各种使人衰弱的疾病。
