Su Ming Ming, Wall Geoffrey, Ma Zhong
School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, 59 ZhongGuanCun Dajie, Haidian District, Beijing, 100872, China,
Environ Manage. 2014 Nov;54(5):1190-207. doi: 10.1007/s00267-014-0360-5. Epub 2014 Sep 24.
Ecotourism development is closely associated with the sustainability of protected natural areas. When facilitated by appropriate management, ecotourism can contribute to conservation and development, as well as the well-being of local communities. As such, ecotourism has been proposed and practiced in different forms in many places, including China. This study assesses ecotourism development at Xingkai Lake National Nature Reserve in Heilongjiang Province, China. Key informant interviews were conducted with representatives from the provincial Forestry Department, the Nature Reserve, and the local community. Observation was undertaken on three site visits and secondary data were collected. The potential for providing quality natural experiences is high and tourism development is occurring rapidly. However, current relationships between people, resources, and tourism have yet to provide mutual benefits necessary for successful ecotourism. The multi-stakeholder management style and the ambiguity of landownership within the nature reserve constitute structural difficulties for ecotourism management and operation. Although participation in ecotourism could provide a livelihood opportunity and interests in involvement in tourism have been identified among the local fishing community, current involvement is limited mainly due to the lack of mechanisms for participation. Therefore, it is recommended that management programs and government policies should be established to provide a platform for community participation in ecotourism. Then, a positive synergistic relationship between tourism, environment, and community could be developed. Planning and policy requirements are discussed for ecotourism development in protected areas in China.
生态旅游发展与自然保护区的可持续性密切相关。在适当管理的推动下，生态旅游有助于保护与发展，以及当地社区的福祉。因此，生态旅游已在包括中国在内的许多地方以不同形式被提出并实践。本研究评估了中国黑龙江省兴凯湖国家级自然保护区的生态旅游发展情况。对来自省级林业部门、自然保护区和当地社区的代表进行了关键信息人访谈。进行了三次实地考察并收集了二手数据。提供优质自然体验的潜力很大，且旅游发展迅速。然而，目前人与资源及旅游之间的关系尚未为成功的生态旅游提供必要的互利条件。自然保护区内多利益相关方的管理方式和土地所有权的模糊性构成了生态旅游管理与运营的结构性困难。尽管参与生态旅游可以提供生计机会，且当地渔业社区已表现出参与旅游的兴趣，但目前的参与度有限，主要原因是缺乏参与机制。因此，建议制定管理计划和政府政策，为社区参与生态旅游提供一个平台。这样，旅游、环境和社区之间就能形成积极的协同关系。文中还讨论了中国保护区生态旅游发展的规划和政策要求。
