Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military and Emergency Medicine , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD 20814 , USA.
Interface Focus. 2014 Oct 6;4(5):20140040. doi: 10.1098/rsfs.2014.0040.
Physical fitness, achieved through regular exercise and/or spontaneous physical activity, confers resilience by inducing positive psychological and physiological benefits, blunting stress reactivity, protecting against potentially adverse behavioural and metabolic consequences of stressful events and preventing many chronic diseases. In this review, we discuss the biological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of physical fitness on mental and physical health. Physical fitness appears to buffer against stress-related disease owing to its blunting/optimizing effects on hormonal stress responsive systems, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. This blunting appears to contribute to reduced emotional, physiological and metabolic reactivity as well as increased positive mood and well-being. Another mechanism whereby regular exercise and/or physical fitness may confer resilience is through minimizing excessive inflammation. Chronic psychological stress, physical inactivity and abdominal adiposity have been associated with persistent, systemic, low-grade inflammation and exert adverse effects on mental and physical health. The anti-inflammatory effects of regular exercise/activity can promote behavioural and metabolic resilience, and protect against various chronic diseases associated with systemic inflammation. Moreover, exercise may benefit the brain by enhancing growth factor expression and neural plasticity, thereby contributing to improved mood and cognition. In summary, the mechanisms whereby physical fitness promotes increased resilience and well-being and positive psychological and physical health are diverse and complex.
身体健康是通过定期锻炼和/或自发的体育活动实现的，它通过诱导积极的心理和生理益处来产生适应力，减轻压力反应，保护身体免受压力事件可能产生的不良行为和代谢后果的影响，并预防许多慢性疾病。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了身体健康对身心健康有益影响的生物学机制。身体健康似乎可以缓冲与压力相关的疾病，因为它对荷尔蒙应激反应系统（如下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴和交感神经系统）具有缓和/优化作用。这种缓和作用似乎有助于降低情绪、生理和代谢反应性，并增加积极的情绪和幸福感。定期锻炼和/或身体健康赋予适应力的另一个机制是通过最小化过度炎症。慢性心理压力、缺乏身体活动和腹部肥胖与持续的、全身性的、低度炎症有关，并对身心健康产生不利影响。定期锻炼/活动的抗炎作用可以促进行为和代谢适应力，并预防与全身性炎症相关的各种慢性疾病。此外，锻炼可以通过增强生长因子表达和神经可塑性来有益于大脑，从而改善情绪和认知。总之，身体健康促进适应力和幸福感以及积极的心理和身体健康的机制是多样且复杂的。
