Gilgien Matthias, Spörri Jörg, Limpach Philippe, Geiger Alain, Müller Erich
Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Sognsveien 220, Oslo 0806, Norway.
Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Schlossallee 49, Hallein/Rif 5400, Austria.
Sensors (Basel). 2014 Oct 3;14(10):18433-53. doi: 10.3390/s141018433.
In sport science, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are frequently applied to capture athletes' position, velocity and acceleration. Application of GNSS includes a large range of different GNSS technologies and methods. To date no study has comprehensively compared the different GNSS methods applied. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of differential and non-differential solutions, different satellite systems and different GNSS signal frequencies on position accuracy. Twelve alpine ski racers were equipped with high-end GNSS devices while performing runs on a giant slalom course. The skiers' GNSS antenna positions were calculated in three satellite signal obstruction conditions using five different GNSS methods. The GNSS antenna positions were compared to a video-based photogrammetric reference system over one turn and against the most valid GNSS method over the entire run. Furthermore, the time for acquisitioning differential GNSS solutions was assessed for four differential methods. The only GNSS method that consistently yielded sub-decimetre position accuracy in typical alpine skiing conditions was a differential method using American (GPS) and Russian (GLONASS) satellite systems and the satellite signal frequencies L1 and L2. Under conditions of minimal satellite signal obstruction, valid results were also achieved when either the satellite system GLONASS or the frequency L2 was dropped from the best configuration. All other methods failed to fulfill the accuracy requirements needed to detect relevant differences in the kinematics of alpine skiers, even in conditions favorable for GNSS measurements. The methods with good positioning accuracy had also the shortest times to compute differential solutions. This paper highlights the importance to choose appropriate methods to meet the accuracy requirements for sport applications.
在运动科学领域，全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）经常被用于获取运动员的位置、速度和加速度。GNSS的应用涵盖了大量不同的GNSS技术和方法。迄今为止，尚无研究对所应用的不同GNSS方法进行全面比较。因此，本研究的目的是探究差分和非差分解决方案、不同卫星系统以及不同GNSS信号频率对位置精度的影响。12名高山滑雪运动员在大回转赛道上滑行时配备了高端GNSS设备。使用五种不同的GNSS方法，在三种卫星信号遮挡条件下计算滑雪者的GNSS天线位置。将GNSS天线位置在一圈内与基于视频的摄影测量参考系统进行比较，并在整个滑行过程中与最有效的GNSS方法进行对比。此外，还评估了四种差分方法获取差分GNSS解决方案的时间。在典型的高山滑雪条件下，唯一能始终产生亚分米级位置精度的GNSS方法是使用美国（GPS）和俄罗斯（GLONASS）卫星系统以及卫星信号频率L1和L2的差分方法。在卫星信号遮挡最小的条件下，当从最佳配置中去掉卫星系统GLONASS或频率L2时，也能获得有效的结果。所有其他方法都未能满足检测高山滑雪者运动学相关差异所需的精度要求，即使在有利于GNSS测量的条件下也是如此。定位精度高的方法计算差分解决方案的时间也最短。本文强调了选择合适方法以满足运动应用精度要求的重要性。
