Pettengill Matthew Aaron, van Haren Simon Daniël, Levy Ofer
Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, MA , USA ; Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA.
Front Immunol. 2014 Sep 24;5:457. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00457. eCollection 2014.
Soluble factors in blood plasma have a substantial impact on both the innate and adaptive immune responses. The complement system, antibodies, and anti-microbial proteins and peptides can directly interact with potential pathogens, protecting against systemic infection. Levels of these innate effector proteins are generally lower in neonatal circulation at term delivery than in adults, and lower still at preterm delivery. The extracellular environment also has a critical influence on immune cell maturation, activation, and effector functions, and many of the factors in plasma, including hormones, vitamins, and purines, have been shown to influence these processes for leukocytes of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. The ontogeny of plasma factors can be viewed in the context of a lower effectiveness of immune responses to infection and immunization in early life, which may be influenced by the striking neonatal deficiency of complement system proteins or enhanced neonatal production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, among other ontogenic differences. Accordingly, we survey here a number of soluble mediators in plasma for which age-dependent differences in abundance may influence the ontogeny of immune function, particularly direct innate interaction and skewing of adaptive lymphocyte activity in response to infectious microorganisms and adjuvanted vaccines.
血浆中的可溶性因子对先天性免疫反应和适应性免疫反应均有重大影响。补体系统、抗体以及抗微生物蛋白和肽可直接与潜在病原体相互作用，预防全身感染。足月分娩时新生儿循环中这些先天性效应蛋白的水平通常低于成年人，早产时则更低。细胞外环境对免疫细胞的成熟、激活及效应功能也有至关重要的影响，血浆中的许多因子，包括激素、维生素和嘌呤，已被证明会影响先天性和适应性免疫系统中白细胞的这些过程。血浆因子的个体发育可从生命早期对感染和免疫的免疫反应效率较低这一背景来考量，这可能受到补体系统蛋白在新生儿期显著缺乏或新生儿抗炎细胞因子IL-10产生增加等个体发育差异的影响。因此，我们在此调查血浆中的一些可溶性介质，其丰度的年龄依赖性差异可能会影响免疫功能的个体发育，特别是对感染性微生物和佐剂疫苗的直接先天性相互作用以及适应性淋巴细胞活性的偏向。
