Taber Jennifer M, Klein William M P, Ferrer Rebecca A, Lewis Katie L, Biesecker Leslie G, Biesecker Barbara B
National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health.
National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health.
Health Psychol. 2015 Jul;34(7):718-28. doi: 10.1037/hea0000159. Epub 2014 Oct 13.
Dispositional optimism and risk perceptions are each associated with health-related behaviors and decisions and other outcomes, but little research has examined how these constructs interact, particularly in consequential health contexts. The predictive validity of risk perceptions for health-related information seeking and intentions may be improved by examining dispositional optimism as a moderator, and by testing alternate types of risk perceptions, such as comparative and experiential risk.
Participants (n = 496) had their genomes sequenced as part of a National Institutes of Health pilot cohort study (ClinSeq®). Participants completed a cross-sectional baseline survey of various types of risk perceptions and intentions to learn genome sequencing results for differing disease risks (e.g., medically actionable, nonmedically actionable, carrier status) and to use this information to change their lifestyle/health behaviors.
Risk perceptions (absolute, comparative, and experiential) were largely unassociated with intentions to learn sequencing results. Dispositional optimism and comparative risk perceptions interacted, however, such that individuals higher in optimism reported greater intentions to learn all 3 types of sequencing results when comparative risk was perceived to be higher than when it was perceived to be lower. This interaction was inconsistent for experiential risk and absent for absolute risk. Independent of perceived risk, participants high in dispositional optimism reported greater interest in learning risks for nonmedically actionable disease and carrier status, and greater intentions to use genome information to change their lifestyle/health behaviors.
The relationship between risk perceptions and intentions may depend on how risk perceptions are assessed and on degree of optimism.
特质乐观和风险认知均与健康相关行为、决策及其他结果相关，但很少有研究探讨这些构念如何相互作用，尤其是在重要的健康情境中。通过将特质乐观作为调节变量进行考察，以及测试不同类型的风险认知，如比较风险和体验风险，可能会提高风险认知对健康相关信息寻求和意图的预测效度。
作为美国国立卫生研究院一项试点队列研究（ClinSeq®）的一部分，参与者（n = 496）进行了基因组测序。参与者完成了一项横断面基线调查，内容涉及各种类型的风险认知以及了解不同疾病风险（如医学上可采取行动的、医学上不可采取行动的、携带者状态）的基因组测序结果并利用这些信息改变其生活方式/健康行为的意图。
风险认知（绝对风险、比较风险和体验风险）在很大程度上与了解测序结果的意图无关。然而，特质乐观和比较风险认知存在交互作用，即当感知到的比较风险较高时，乐观程度较高的个体报告称更有意愿了解所有三种类型的测序结果，而当感知到的比较风险较低时则不然。这种交互作用在体验风险方面不一致，在绝对风险方面不存在。与感知风险无关，特质乐观程度高的参与者对了解医学上不可采取行动的疾病和携带者状态的风险表现出更大兴趣，并且更有意愿利用基因组信息改变其生活方式/健康行为。
风险认知与意图之间的关系可能取决于风险认知的评估方式以及乐观程度。
