de Oliveira Erick Prado, Burini Roberto C
School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Pará, nº 1720 Bloco 2U, Campus Umuarama, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais 38400-902, Brazil.
Centre for Physical Exercise and Nutrition Metabolism, UNESP School of Medicine, Public Health Department, Botucatu City, São Paulo 18618-900, Brazil.
Nutrients. 2014 Oct 13;6(10):4191-9. doi: 10.3390/nu6104191.
Gastrointestinal (GI) problems are a common concern of athletes during intense exercise. Ultimately, these symptoms can impair performance and possibly prevent athletes from winning or even finishing a race. The main causes of GI problems during exercise are mechanical, ischemic and nutritional factors. Among the nutritional factors, a high intake of carbohydrate and hyperosmolar solutions increases GI problems. A number of nutritional manipulations have been proposed to minimize gastrointestinal symptoms, including the use of multiple transportable carbohydrates. This type of CHO intake increases the oxidation rates and can prevent the accumulation of carbohydrate in the intestine. Glucose (6%) or glucose plus fructose (8%-10%) beverages are recommended in order to increase CHO intake while avoiding the gastric emptying delay. Training the gut with high intake of CHO may increase absorption capacity and probably prevent GI distress. CHO mouth rinse may be a good strategy to enhance performance without using GI tract in exercises lasting less than an hour. Future strategies should be investigated comparing different CHO types, doses, and concentration in exercises with the same characteristics.
胃肠道（GI）问题是运动员在高强度运动期间普遍关注的问题。最终，这些症状会损害运动表现，并可能使运动员无法赢得比赛甚至无法完成比赛。运动期间胃肠道问题的主要原因是机械性、缺血性和营养性因素。在营养因素中，高碳水化合物摄入量和高渗溶液会增加胃肠道问题。已经提出了一些营养干预措施来尽量减少胃肠道症状，包括使用多种可转运碳水化合物。这种类型的碳水化合物摄入可提高氧化率，并能防止碳水化合物在肠道中积聚。建议饮用葡萄糖（6%）或葡萄糖加果糖（8%-10%）饮料，以增加碳水化合物摄入量，同时避免胃排空延迟。通过高碳水化合物摄入量训练肠道可能会提高吸收能力，并可能预防胃肠道不适。在持续时间少于一小时的运动中，口腔冲洗碳水化合物可能是一种不通过胃肠道来提高运动表现的良好策略。未来应研究在具有相同特征的运动中比较不同类型、剂量和浓度的碳水化合物的策略。
