Belibasakis Georgios N, Charalampakis Georgios, Bostanci Nagihan, Stadlinger Bernd
Section of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Oral Biology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zürich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032, Zürich, Switzerland,
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2015;830:69-84. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-11038-7_4.
Biofilms are complex microbial communities that grow on various surfaces in nature. The oral micobiota tend to form polymicrobial biofilms, particularly on the hard mineralized surfaces of teeth, which may impact on oral health and disease. They can cause inflammation of the adjacent tooth-supporting (periodontal) tissues, leading to destructive periodontal disease and tooth loss. The emergence of osseointegrated dental implants as a restorative treatment option for replacing missing teeth has also brought along new artificial surfaces within the oral cavity, on which oral bacteria can form biofilms. As in the case of natural teeth, biofilms on implant surfaces may also trigger infection and cause inflammatory destruction of the peri-implant tissue (i.e. peri-implantitis). While there are strong similarities in the composition of the mixed microbial flora between periodontal and peri-implant infections, there are also a few distinctive differences. The immunological events underlying the pathogenesis of peri-implant infections are qualitatively similar, yet more extensive, compared to periodontal infections, resulting in a faster progression of tissue destruction. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge on the microbiology and immunology of peri-implant infections, including findings from the peri-implant crevicular fluid, the inflammatory exudate of the peri-implant tissue. Moreover, it discusses the diagnosis and current approaches for the treatment of oral infections.
生物膜是在自然界各种表面生长的复杂微生物群落。口腔微生物群倾向于形成多微生物生物膜，尤其是在牙齿的硬矿化表面，这可能会影响口腔健康和疾病。它们会导致相邻牙齿支持（牙周）组织发炎，引发破坏性牙周疾病和牙齿脱落。骨结合式牙种植体作为缺失牙修复治疗选择的出现，也在口腔内带来了新的人工表面，口腔细菌可在其上形成生物膜。与天然牙情况一样，种植体表面的生物膜也可能引发感染并导致种植体周围组织的炎性破坏（即种植体周炎）。虽然牙周感染和种植体周围感染的混合微生物菌群组成有很强的相似性，但也存在一些明显差异。与牙周感染相比，种植体周围感染发病机制背后的免疫事件在性质上相似，但范围更广，导致组织破坏进展更快。本章总结了目前关于种植体周围感染的微生物学和免疫学知识，包括来自种植体周围龈沟液、种植体周围组织炎性渗出物的研究结果。此外，还讨论了口腔感染的诊断和当前治疗方法。
